Ultrasonographic and anatomical examination of normal thyroid and internal parathyroid glands in goats

Pankowski, Filip; Paśko, Sławomir; Bonecka, Joanna; Szaluś‐Jordanow, Olga; Mickiewicz, Marcin; Moroz, Agata; Bartyzel, Bartłomiej J.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0233685

Cited by 6 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Few differences between left and right lobes were observed in other studies in calves [ 34 ], dogs [ 25 ] and horses [ 29 ]. Another study did not notice any difference between the two lobes during TU on goats [ 30 ]. Although our population size is sufficient to assess intra-/inter-observer variation for TU, it is insufficient to make clear conclusions about normal ultrasound dimensions of the thyroid gland in cattle.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In ruminants, two studies [ 30 , 31 ] have recently studied the ultrasonographic, anatomical examination and Computed Tomography Scanner appearance of normal thyroid in goats. One of these studies has concluded that the thyroid gland is clearly visible in all the goats in the study and identified a standard TU measurement for goats [ 30 ]. No significant difference was found between the two lobes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Technical Validation of Ultrasound Assessment of the Thyroid Gland in Cattle

Eppe

Pétrossians

Busoni

et al. 2023

Veterinary Sciences

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Little is known about thyroid diseases in ruminants, probably due to the lack of diagnosis techniques developed in this species. However, thyroid ultrasound (TU) is widely used in human and in companion animal’s medicine. It is a cheap and non-invasive examination, which allows for the identification of thyroid structures or diffuse diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of TU in five calves and five cows through inter- and intra-observer repeatability. The size of the thyroid gland was measured from three views: left sagittal, right sagittal and transverse; nine measurements per view. The intra-observer coefficient was calculated for each observer. For the inter-observer, the first observer was a board-certified imagist (European College of Veterinary Diagnostic Imaging diplomate), the second was a board-certified specialist in bovine and herd management (European College of Bovine Health Managementdiplomate) and the third was an in-trained veterinarian for the TU. They each scanned the thyroid gland successively, following the same method. The intra-observer variabilities for observers 1, 2 and 3 were 8.22%, 5.53%, 5.38%, and 7.18%, 8.65% and 6.36%, respectively, for calves and cows. The inter-observer variability for calves was 10.4% and for cows, 11.8%. This study confirms the feasibility of repeatable intra- and inter-observer TU-estimated measurements in cattle.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Technical Validation of Ultrasound Assessment of the Thyroid Gland in Cattle

Eppe

Pétrossians

Busoni

et al. 2023

Veterinary Sciences

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“…Thyroid volume was estimated using the formulae previously validated in humans (a) [ 7 ], dogs (a) [ 9 ] and goats (b) [ 29 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

From ultrasound to microscopy: Actualities in thyroid investigation in cattle

Eppe,

Raguet,

Petrossians

et al. 2024

PLoS ONE

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Thyroid ultrasonography examination is widely used in human and small animal medicine. However, it has rarely been applied in cattle. The aim of this study was to determine whether the measurements of the thyroid gland by ultrasound examination correlate to those taken during post-mortem examination. A sample of 22 cows and 23 calves was selected for thyroid gland evaluation. An ultrasound scan was performed ante-mortem, followed by euthanasia (for medical reasons) or slaughtered in the food chain and the dissection of the thyroid gland was therefore performed. Post-mortem, the gland was weighed and its dimensions and volume measured. The volume and weight measurements were compared with the predicted ones on US using the formulas available in the literature. Finally, histological examination was performed on thyroid glands. The dimensions of the thyroid gland measured by ultrasonography were significantly different (p<0.05) from those observed post-mortem, except for lobe lengths in calves (p>0.1). However, in calves, there was no systematic bias between the ultrasound and post-mortem examination of the thyroid gland, which were concordant (with an average error of 18%). Cystic lesions were observed on ultrasound in 9/22 cows and could be found on histological examination in 7 of these. Other lesions, such as follicular hypoplasia and hyperplasia, were seen on histological examination but not on ultrasound. Although the ultrasound measurements did not significantly correlate with those taken post-mortem, this examination may allow to differentiate non-standard thyroids in the case of hyperplastic goiter, as demonstrated in other species. This study also describes and illustrates interesting lesions of the thyroid gland in cattle. These findings are innovative in the description of the use of thyroid ultrasound in cattle, although further studies are needed to allow deeper conclusions.

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“…Składa się z dwóch płatów umiejscowionych symetrycznie po obu stronach tchawicy i połączonych ze sobą po dobrzusznej stronie tchawicy słabo wykształconą włóknistą cieśnią. Oba płaty są zbliżonej wielkości (długość ok. 3 cm, szerokość ok. 1 cm i grubość ok. 0,6 cm) (28,29).…”

Section: Gruczoł Tarczowyunclassified

Causes of goiter in goats

NOWEK¹,

MICKIEWICZ²,

BIERNACKA³

et al. 2023

Medycyna Weterynaryjna

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A normal thyroid gland is difficult to distinguish from the surrounding tissues. Its enlargement, referred to as goiter, is most often found in newborn kids, less often in adult animals. Feeding errors, such as incorrect iodine content in the ration or the presence of goitrogens, may contribute to its formation. The occurrence of goiter may also have a genetic basis. Mutation within the TG gene leads to abnormal synthesis of thyroglobulin – a protein essential in the synthesis and storage of thyroid hormones. In Poland, the most common problem is congenital goitre, with a genetic background, caused by an increase in inbreeding in the herd.

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Ultrasonographic and anatomical examination of normal thyroid and internal parathyroid glands in goats

Cited by 6 publications

References 37 publications

Technical Validation of Ultrasound Assessment of the Thyroid Gland in Cattle

Technical Validation of Ultrasound Assessment of the Thyroid Gland in Cattle

From ultrasound to microscopy: Actualities in thyroid investigation in cattle

Causes of goiter in goats

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