China is the largest worldwide consumer of solar photovoltaic (PV) electricity, with 130 GW of installed capacity as of 2017. China's PV capacity is expected to reach at least 400 GW by 2030, to provide 10% of its primary energy. However, anthropogenic aerosol emissions and changes in cloud cover affect solar radiation in China. Here, we use observational radiation data from 119 stations across China to show that the PV potential decreased on average by 11-15% between 1960 and 2015. The relationship between observed surface radiation and emissions of sulfur dioxide and black carbon suggests that strict air pollution control measures, combined with reduced fossil fuel consumption, would allow surface radiation to increase. We find that reverting back to 1960s radiation levels in China could yield a 12-13% increase in electricity generation, equivalent to an additional 14 TWh produced with 2016 PV capacities, and 51-74 TWh with the expected 2030 capacities.

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<p>There is growing evidence that the amount of solar radiation at the Earth’s surface is not stable over time but undergoes substantial multidecadal variations. Particularly, a decrease in surface solar radiation has been noted from the 1950s to the 1980s at widespread observation sites, a phenomenon popularly known as “global (solar) dimming”, followed by a partial recovery known as “brightening”. An interesting hotspot in this context is China, where surface solar radiation (SSR) underwent particularly large changes over the past decades.</p><p>Here we discuss our latest studies, which shed new light on the magnitude, causes and implications of this phenomenon in China. The focus is on recent developments, which indicate, that after decades of decline in surface solar radiation, some recovery can be noted since the mid-2000s in the SSR records observed by the Chinese Meteorological Agency. This recovery is not seen in satellite derived records, which assume a constant aerosol climatology in their retrieval algorithm, suggesting the necessity for a decrease in aerosol to reconcile the diverging trends (Wang et al., 2019). This is independently supported by an analysis of SSR trends specifically in the cloud-free atmosphere, which show a turn into increase since around 2006, also suggesting a reduction of aerosol over China in recent years (Yang et al., 2019).</p><p>In a further study, the combination of the Chinese SSR observations with collocated space-based measurements  of the net solar exchanges at the Top of Atmosphere from CERES enabled the determination of changes in solar absorption within the atmospheric column as a residual over recent decades. The results suggest that the recent brightening in China is predominately caused by a weakening of the solar absorption within the atmosphere. This indicates that a reduction of particularly the absorbing aerosol must have taken place in recent years (Schwarz et al., 2020).</p><p>In summary, all these studies provide independent evidence that air pollution mitigation efforts in China have successfully induced a trend reversal in the amount of solar radiation reaching the Earth’s surface, with some recovery in recent years after decades of dimming.</p><p>We further estimated that, if such a recovery could persist and air pollution levels could eventually be reduced down to the pristine 1960s levels in China, this would have major benefits for Chinese photovoltaic (PV) solar power production, which could be enhanced by as much as 13 %. With the PV capacity currently installed in China, and as projected for the year 2030, this would correspond to a yearly economic benefit of 2 and 6 billion US dollars, respectively, assuming current electricity prices (Sweerts et al., 2019).</p><p>References</p><p>Yang, S., Wang, X.L., Wild, M. (2018) <em>J. Climate</em> 31, 4529-4541.</p><p>Yang, S., Wang, X.L., Wild, M. (2019) <em>J. Climate</em> 32, 5901-5913.</p><p>Sweerts, B., Pfenninger, S., Yang, S., Folini, D., vanderZwaan, B., Wild, M. (2019) <em>Nature Energy</em> 4, 657-663.</p><p>Wang, Y., Trentmann, Y., Pfeifroth, U., Yuan, W., Wild, M. (2019) <em>Remote Sens.</em> 11, 2910.</p><p>Schwarz, M., Folini, D., Yang, S., Allan, R.P., and Wild, M. (2020) <em>Nature Geoscience</em> (in press)</p>

In the version of this Article originally published, the units of 'Total electricity yield' and 'Potential electricity gain' in Table 1 were incorrectly presented as GWh yr-1 ; they should have been TWh yr-1. These errors have now been corrected.