Exploring the complex origins of energy poverty in The Netherlands with machine learning

Childhood adversity and energy poverty

“…The increasing importance of energy as a serious policy issue has led to a growing literature on the determinants of energy poverty. Much of the literature focuses on the roles of low income, high energy prices and poor housing quality, which affect heating and cooling efficiency (Chai et al, 2021;Dalla Longa et al, 2021;Gafa and Egbendewe, 2021). A series of recent studies has sought to look behind why households have low incomes and/or pay high energy prices and link these reasons to the incidence of energy poverty.…”

Empirical Evidence on the Incidence and Persistence of Energy Poverty in Australia

“…However, we control for household type as it has been found that households living in detached and semi‐detached dwellings, which may be associated with higher levels of heat loss, are more likely to be at risk for energy poverty (Karpinska and Śmiech 2020; Riva et al 2021), than those living in apartment buildings (Leahy and Lyons 2010). We also control for place of residence as it may also affect energy poverty (Thomson and Snell 2013; Roberts, Vera‐Toscano and Phimister 2015; Dalla Longa, Sweerts and van der Zwaan 2021). Last, we include state and year‐fixed effects to control for differences in energy policies across states, and unobserved year‐specific characteristics, respectively.…”

Linking Housing Conditions and Energy Poverty: From a Perspective of Household Energy Self-Restriction

“…In addition, some studies have discussed the characteristics of house types of energy-poor households, and it is found that households living in detached, semi-detached dwellings are more likely to be exposed to energy poverty [ 40 , 46 , 47 ], which may be associated with higher levels of heat loss [ 48 ]. Additionally, the area of residence may also influence energy poverty [ 49 , 50 ].…”

“…In terms of the economic attributes of housing, housing tenure is regarded as a driver of energy poverty [ 10 , 50 ]. It has been shown that energy-poor households are predominantly renters [ 9 , 44 ], and living in rented housing increases the risk of energy poverty compared to owner-occupied dwellings [ 21 , 40 , 51 , 52 ].…”