This study aims to elaborate Abdullah Saeed's hierarchy of values construction. The hierarchy of values is one of the most significant elements in Abdullah Saeed's contextual approach. This concept defines the basic requirements for contextual interpretation of the Qur’ān in a global-unrestricted and limited restricted context. In this way, interpreters can identify the level of urgency, complexity, and ambiguity of values in the verses of the Qur’ān. This study deploys a qualitative research method, with Abdullah Saeed's works as the main reference point, especially the one entitled as Interpreting the Qur’ān: Towards a Contemporary Approach and Reading the Qur’ān in the Twenty-First Century: A Contextualist Approach. Abdullah Saeed's hierarchy of values construction is then analyzed using philosophical hermeneutics by Hans-Georg Gadamer. The findings of this study, namely Abdullah Saeed's construction of a hierarchy of values cannot be separated from the Australian social and cultural context, which encouraged Saeed to understand Islam’s flexibly. Saeed formulates a value hierarchy into five categories, namely obligatory values, fundamental values, protective values, implementational values, and instructional values. Basically, the value hierarchy put forth is little more than a synthesis of various concepts initiated by early Muslim scholars such as Umar bin Khattab and medieval scholars such as al-Thufi, Ghazali, 'Izz al-Din bin 'Abd al-Salam, al- Shatibi, and Fazlur Rahman.
Many experts have authored studies on Islamic theology to understand religion in the modern world. The research on religious inclusivism is essential for the literature since many researchers continuously contribute to it. This work analyzes Muhammad Syahrur's Hermeneutical interpretation of religious inclusivism based on the Al-Quran. This research is library research using a qualitative-descriptive approach to explore the views, ideas, concepts, and theories given by Muhammad Syahrur linked to inclusive theology. This research claims that religious inclusivism is highly necessary to create and expand as human interaction is becoming intensive in the current digital era. In this regard, Syahrur proposes a solution to establish religious inclusivism by referring to the content of the verses of the Quran as a moral foundation and life advice that contains verses that are always under the situations of the times and locations. This study offers theoretical implications to improve the literature based on religious inclusivism.
Discourse markers have been studied extensively in linguistics and communication studies. Its use is very helpful in understanding the message conveyed, both in formal and informal situations. This study examines the discourse markers used by non-native speakers in Good Morning America Talk Show. Unveil the types and their functions, this study uses a qualitative descriptive method in identifying the use of discourse markers. The data were taken from conversations of non-native speakers using Biber et al (1999) theory to determine the types and functions of discourse markers. The results of this study showed that there are ten types of discourse markers interjection, greetings and farewells, linking adverbials, stance adverbials, vocatives, response elicitors, response forms, hesitators, various polite speech-act formulas and expletives. Those markers have variations functions as marker of information management, marker of response, marker of connectives, marker of cause and effect, marker of temporal adverb and marker of information participation. This study has shown that the use of discourse markers varies across languages and cultures. Moreover, the use of discourse markers can also vary depending on the context of the communication.
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