Risk factors from pregnancy to age 5 are quite strong predictors of conduct problems and crime. New risk assessment tools could be developed to identify young children at high risk for later antisocial behaviour.
Context and pressures for change New public management (NPM) has been built around private sector techniques of enterprise regulation, coordination, and control, and reflects a sense of their innate superiority (Osborne and McLaughlin, 2002; Willcox and Harrow, 1992). The essence of NPM has been summarised as`managers, markets, and measurement' (Ferlie et al, 1996), although differing degrees of emphasis can be identified and there is some minor disagreement in the literature over the nature of the key features of NPM (Butterfield et al, 2005). Cope et al (1997) and Butterfield et al (2005) provide interesting reviews of NPM as it pertains to the police service in Britain, stressing the importance of thè practitioner manager' in changing managerial roles and the reassignment of strategic responsibilities. The police, caricatured as the service industry where the customer is always wrong (Squires, 1998, page 169), has presented NPM with a serious challenge during both its Conservative and its New Labour manifestations (Newman, 2002). In this paper we focus upon the sociotechnical issues (Trist et al, 1963) that are integral to the current NPM reform process. Commentators have been aware of the unique challenge of police management for many years. For example, the Shortt report of 1924:`A constable is entrusted with powers that may gravely affect the liberty of the subject and he must be ready to act on his own initiative in all sorts of contingencies. The burden of individual discretion placed upon a constable is much greater than that of any other public servant.''
This paper reports the results of a simulation of an identification parade using recommended procedures. The parade was held three days after subjects had been incidental observers of a man in a waiting room. The Parade included ‘a suspect’ who was not the man Previously seen. Of the 68 subjects, 21 made a false Positive identification on the parade, including 6 who made an identification with a high level of certainty. All these 6 high certainty identifications were of ‘the suspect’. A group of subjects also saw a set of photographs prior to the parade. The findings suggest that, When the man previously seen was not included, subjects were more likely to make a false positive identification on photographs than on a parade. In addition, subjects who had seen the photographs Wade a significantly greater proportion of false positive identifications on the subsequent parade.
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