Energy conservation has become a critical issue in modern system electronic devices. Energy wastage in electronic devices occurs in both hardware and software components. Software drives the hardware thus decisions taken during software design and development have significant impact on energy consumption of a computing system. Green Computing addresses energy conservation by application of different techniques at software and hardware level. Energy efficient compiler is a software level green computing technique. Besides compiler optimization, an effective scheduling approach makes efficient use of resources to directly impact the green aspect. Therefore, focus of this paper is identification of energy conservation measures for software level and there utilization at compiler and scheduler. A Distributed Green Compiler (DGC) is presented in this research that is hardware independent and uses an existing distributed compiler. It distributes source code of software over a network, reshapes binary code by applying green strategies during code transformation at compile time and gives green suggestion to software programmer for energy conservation. For scheduling, Distributed Interactive Engineering Toolbox (DIET) scheduler is used and a new algorithm is proposed for the DIET scheduler. The proposed algorithm introduces green aspect in scheduler to effectually make use of resources in such a way that consumption of power and carbon dioxide emission is reduced. Performance analysis of proposed compiler shows that it conserves energy clock cycles up to 40% by applying few green strategies.
Government policies aim to address public issues and problems and therefore play a pivotal role in people's lives. The creation of public policies, however, is complex given the perspective of large and diverse stakeholders' involvement, considerable human participation, lengthy processes, complex task specification and the non-deterministic nature of the process. The inherent complexities of the policy process impart challenges for designing a computing system that assists in supporting and automating the business process pertaining to policy setup, which also raises concerns for setting up a tracking service in the policy-making environment. A tracking service informs how decisions have been taken during policy creation and can provide useful and intrinsic information regarding the policy process. At present, there exists no computing system that assists in tracking the complete process that has been employed for policy creation. To design such a system, it is important to consider the policy environment challenges; for this a novel network and goal based approach has been framed and is covered in detail in this paper. Furthermore, smart governance objectives that include stakeholders' participation and citizens' involvement have been considered. Thus, the proposed approach has been devised by considering smart governance principles and the knowledge environment of policy making where tasks are largely dependent on policy makers' decisions and on individual policy objectives. Our approach reckons the human dimension for deciding and defining autonomous process activities at run time. Furthermore, with the network-based approach, so-called provenance data tracking is employed which enables the capture of policy process.
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