Colostrum contains all essential nutrients for the neonate during the first days of life, with impacts that continue far beyond these first days. Bovine colostrum has been used for human consumption due to the high concentrations of bioactive proteins, vitamins, minerals, growth factors, as well as free and conjugated oligosaccharides. Processes involved in the preparation of bovine colostrum for human consumption play a pivotal role in preserving and maintaining the activity of the bioactive molecules. As bovine colostrum is a multifunctional food that offers a myriad of benefits for human health, assessing the main processes used in preparing it with both advantages and disadvantages is a crucial point to discuss. We discuss major processes effects for colostrum production on the nutritional value, some advanced technologies to preserve processed bovine colostrum and the end-product forms consumed by humans whether as dairy products or dietary supplements.

Bovine milk is one of the best pre-and pro-workout sources for athletes owing to its rich nutritional content. Even though bovine milk consumption significantly benefits athletes' health and performance, many athletes cannot consume bovine milk since they struggle with gastrointestinal problems caused after milk consumption. Especially, the consumption of regular milk, which contains A1 β-casein, is associated with a variety of diseases ranging from gastrointestinal discomfort to ischemic heart diseases. The main reason behind this is related to β-casomorphine 7 (BCM-7), which is derived from A1 β-casein during the digestion of A1 milk. A1 β-casein is formed as a result of a point mutation in the position of 67th in the amino acid sequence A2 β-casein by changing proline to histidine. Therefore, this mutated form of β-casein in regular milk cannot easily be digested by the human-associated digestion enzymes. A2 milk, which includes A2 β-casein instead of A1 β-casein, is the best substitute for regular milk with the same nutritional content. This natural form of milk positively affects the athlete's health as well as performance without causing any gastrointestinal discomfort or more serious problems which are seen in the consumption of regular milk. In this review, A2 milk and its potential health effects in comparison to diseases related to A1 milk consumption are discussed.

The aim of this study is to analyze the factors affecting the physical ego of children between the age of 11-13 considering the levels of physical activity and physical perception. According to results of 2010-2011 Çanakkale National Education Questionnaire; 11 schools which have high and low economic status were randomly selected. To determine the reason of the differences between groups, Post-hoc Bonferroni test was used when the variances were homogenous and Dunnett’s T3 test was used when the variances were not homogenous for the each independent variable. Pearson Correlation was used in order to find relationship between the independent groups. Alpha level was set to 0.05 for all calculations. According to the main findings of the research, it was found that the levels of physical activity, physical self description and self confidence of students differentiated in terms of gender and socioeconomic levels of the students. Extended English summary is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file.  ÖzetBu çalışmanın amacı fiziksel benliği etkileyen faktörlerin 11-13 yaş çocuklarda fiziksel aktivite ve fiziksel algılama düzeyine göre inceleyerek sosyo-ekonomik düzeyin fiziksel aktivite ve fiziksel uygunluk düzeyine etkisini ortaya koymaktır. 2010-2011 Çanakkale İl Milli Eğitim veli anket sonuçları çerçevesinde alt ve üst gelir grubuna sahip okullardan; merkezden ve ilçelerden rastgele 11 okul seçilmiştir. Gruplar arasındaki anlamlı farklılığın nedenini belirlemek için de her bir bağımsız değişken adına varyansların homojen olduğu durumlarda çoklu karşılaştırma testlerinden Post-hoc Bonferroni testi, varyansların homojen olmadığı durumlarda ise Dunnett’s T3 testi uygulanmıştır. Bağımsız gruplar arasındaki ilişki için Pearson Mometler çarpım korelasyonu uygulanmış, tüm istatistik hesaplamalarda anlamlılık düzeyi 0,05 olarak kabul edilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda; 11-13 yaş çocuklarda fiziksel aktivite, kendini fiziksel tanımlama ve benlik saygısı düzeyleri, cinsiyete ve sosyo-ekonomik düzeye göre farklılaşmaların olduğu saptanmıştır.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of specific trainings applied to 14 age male soccer players on their balance, sprint and technical skills. 30 male soccer players, who attended the trainings at least 4 years in Çanakkale Beşiktaş Soccer School, joined to the study by having their parents confirm the “Parental Permission Form”. Soccer players mean of length was calculated 158.24±2.98 cm and mean of weight was calculated 46.37±3.44 kg. Soccer-specific trainings were applied to the players 12 weeks, 3 days a week, at least 90 minutes a day. Flamingo balance, 30 meters sprint and technical skill tests were applied before and after the training period. Datas were analyzed in statistic package programme by using “Paired t Test”. Results were evaluated according to “p<0.05” significance level. Significant differences were found in comparing the tests’ results of soccer players (p<0.05). As a result, it can be said that the inclusion of high-intensity deflection exercises instead of the high-rigidity, flat running conditions applied in soccer-specific training has improved the technical skills of 14-year-old footballers and additionally affects their balance and speed performance positively.

Background and Study Aim. ln this academic research, it was aimed to compare the physical activity and skinfold thickness of the students living in the city center and rural areas. Material and Methods. 89 students attending the 6th grade level, whose total age is 12 years old, residing in the city center and rural areas of Çanakkale participated in the study. Students were examined with SenseWear armband bmi, total energy consumption, daily step count, met, active energy consumption, physical activity time, reach time and sleep times. Body mass index was determined with Holtain Skinfold Caliper. For the analysis of the dataset, the Independent Sample t test was utilized to examine the difference between the students' physical activity levels and skin fold thickness.  Then, the relevance between physical activity level and skinfold thickness was examined for pearson correlation. Significance value p<.05 and p<.01were accepted. Results. ln accordance with the data obtained with SenseWear Armband, it has been determined that a statistically substantial amount of difference between BMI total energy consumption und daily step number of students living in rural and city centers is present. According to the results of skin fold thickness measurements made with skinfold calipers, there was a significant difference in triceps, subscapular, abdominal, suprailiac and femur regions (p<.05). Conclusion. As a result of the research, it is concluded that students studying in the city center have less physical activity level than students living in the rural area.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, 10-12 yaş erkek tenisçilere uygulanan hazırlık dönemi antrenmanlarının biyomotorik özelliklerine etkisinin incelenmesidir. Araştırmaya Isparta ilinde bulunan, düzenli olarak tenis turnuvalarına ferdi katılan 10-12 yaş arası 20 erkek tenisçi katıldı. Tenisçilere 8 hafta, haftada 4 gün, günde en az 90 dakika uygulanan teknik ve koordinasyon geliştirici antrenman sürecinin başında ve sonunda sporculara kuvvet (şınav, mekik, dikey sıçrama, durarak uzun atlama), sürat (5, 10, 20 m), dayanıklılık (Shuttle Run) ve esneklik testleri uygulandı. Elde edilen veriler SPSS 18.0 istatistik programında "Paired t Testi" kullanılarak karşılaştırıldı. Tenisçilerin yaş ortalaması 11.05±.88 yıl, boy ortalaması 144.50±7.87 cm, vücut ağırlığı ortalaması ön test 38.72±9.51 kg, son test 38.83±9.35 kg olarak hesaplandı. Tenisçilere uygulanan tüm biyomotorik testlerin karşılaştırılması sonucunda istatistiksel olarak önemli derecede fark bulundu (p<0,05). Literatüre bakıldığında araştırmamızı destekleyen birçok araştırma bulunmaktadır. Küçük yaş gruplarına uygulanan ve doğru yüklenme şiddetleri içeren teknik ve koordinasyon geliştirici antrenman drillerinin çocukların biyomotorik performansını artırdığı görülmüştür. İleride yapılacak olan çalışmalarda seçilecek antrenman modeli, kapsamı ve şiddeti bakımından araştırmamız antrenörlere ve spor bilimcilere öneriler sunmaktadır.

Aim: In this study, the effects of high-intensity interval training and sprint training on amateur football referees running performances expressed by the FIFA Athletic Test, Cooper Test and MAXVO2 were investigated. Methods: Football referees average age (23.88±2.10); average height (181.16±1.99) cm; body weight (74.42±2.46) kg and body mass index (22.66±.62) kg/m2 calculated. They were applied high-intensity interval training and speed training 3 days a week for 16 weeks. FIFA Athletic Test and Cooper Test were applied in the pre-test and post-test to see the effect of the training process on the referees. SPSS package program was used to analyze the data. "Paired Sample t-Test" was used for the normally distributed data, and the "Wilcoxon Signed Rows Test", which is a nonparametric test, for non-normally distributed data, and the effect size was calculated. The results were evaluated according to the significance level "0.01" and "0.05". Results: When the FIFA Athletic Test, Cooper Test, body weight, and BMI pre-test and post-test values were compared in football referees, a statistically significant difference was found between the first measurement and the second measurement (p<0.05). Conclusion: As a result of the study, it was observed that the training sessions had a positive effect on amateur football referees' running performances expressed by FIFA Athletic Test and Cooper Test and MAXVO2. This training program is recommended for the improvement of the degree-based running performances of amateur football referees. Keywords: Football referee, training, high-intensity interval running

Öz: Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, U19 profesyonel futbolcularda hazırlık dönemi antrenmanlarının bazı fizyolojik ve motorik özellikleri üzerine etkisini incelemektir. Yöntem: Araştırmaya Çanakkale Dardanel Spor A.Ş. U19 takımı sporcuları toplamda 32 futbolcu çalışmaya gönüllü olarak katıldı. Futbolcuların yaş ortalamaları 18.5±.5 yıl, boy ortalamaları 179.5±4 cm, vücut ağırlıkları ortalamaları ise 70.1±3.9 kg olarak tespit edildi. Hazırlık dönemi antrenmanları 8 hafta, haftada 4 gün, günde en az 120 dk uygulandı. Araştırmada bir maksimal kuvvet (1 RM), Yo-Yo İntermittent Koşu testi ve çeviklik testi uygulandı. Elde edilen verilerin istatistiksel analizinde istatistik paket programı kullanılarak, bağımlı gruplar arası "Paired t testi" uygulandı. Bulgular: Antrenman dönemi öncesi ve sonrası sporcuların bir maksimal kuvvet, dinlenik ve maksimum kalp atım sayısı, Yo-Yo koşu testinde kat edilen mesafe, MAXVO2 ve çeviklik testleri değerlerinin karşılaştırılmasında bütün ölçümler arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark bulundu (p<0.05). Sonuç: Sonuç olarak, hazırlık dönemi içerisinde uygulanan antrenman programının U19 kategorisi futbolcuların bazı motorik ve fizyolojik özelliklerini olumlu etkilediği söylenebilir.