Placental trophoblast cells are potentially at risk from circulating endocrine-disrupting chemicals, such as bisphenol A (BPA). To understand how BPA and the reputedly more inert bisphenol S (BPS) affect the placenta, C57BL6J mouse dams were fed 200 μg/kg body weight BPA or BPS daily for 2 wk and then bred. They continued to receive these chemicals until embryonic day 12.5, whereupon placental samples were collected and compared with unexposed controls. BPA and BPS altered the expression of an identical set of 13 genes. Both exposures led to a decrease in the area occupied by spongiotrophoblast relative to trophoblast giant cells (GCs) within the junctional zone, markedly reduced placental serotonin (5-HT) concentrations, and lowered 5-HT GC immunoreactivity. Concentrations of dopamine and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, the main metabolite of serotonin, were increased. GC dopamine immunoreactivity was increased in BPA- and BPS-exposed placentas. A strong positive correlation between 5-HT+GCs and reductions in spongiotrophoblast to GC area suggests that this neurotransmitter is essential for maintaining cells within the junctional zone. In contrast, a negative correlation existed between dopamine+GCs and reductions in spongiotrophoblast to GC area ratio. These outcomes lead to the following conclusions. First, BPS exposure causes almost identical placental effects as BPA. Second, a major target of BPA/BPS is either spongiotrophoblast or GCs within the junctional zone. Third, imbalances in neurotransmitter-positive GCs and an observed decrease in docosahexaenoic acid and estradiol, also occurring in response to BPA/BPS exposure, likely affect the placental–brain axis of the developing mouse fetus.

Flavonoids are a class of specialized metabolites found in many different plant species. They protect against UV radiation, scavenge reactive oxygen species, are involved in plant defense responses, and are associated with plant‐microorganism interactions. They have also been reported to possess health‐promoting effects including anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer activity, and antihypertensive effects. Flavonoids encompass >10,000 structures where the types and amounts depend on the plant species, developmental stage, organ, and growth conditions. The diversity of flavonoid structures represents a significant challenge in the analysis of plant flavonoids. Many analytical techniques have been developed to detect and quantify flavonoids, and the most productive of these techniques use liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) to analyze flavonoids due to the excellent combination of selectivity and sensitivity of MS. In addition, mass spectral libraries have been constructed to further aid flavonoid identification. Here, the use of ultra‐high pressure liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (UHPLC‐MS) in plant flavonoid analyses, with an emphasis on sample extraction, flavonoid separation, and MS detection, is described. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Azospirillum brasilense is a diazotrophic microorganism capable of associating with roots of important grasses and cereals, promoting plant growth and increasing crop yields. Nitrogen levels and the Ntr regulatory system control the nitrogen metabolism in A. brasilense. This system comprises the nitrogen regulatory proteins GlnD, which is capable of adding uridylyl groups to the PII proteins, GlnB (PII-1) and GlnZ (PII-2), under limiting nitrogen levels. Under such conditions, the histidine kinase NtrB (nitrogen regulatory protein B) cannot interact with GlnB and phosphorylate NtrC (nitrogen regulatory protein C). The phosphorylated form of NtrC acts as a transcriptional activator of genes involved in the metabolism of alternative nitrogen sources. Considering the key role of NtrC in nitrogen metabolism in A. brasilense, in this work we evaluated the proteomic and metabolomic profiles of the wild-type FP2 strain and its mutant ntrC grown under high and low nitrogen. Analysis of the integrated data identifies novel NtrC targets, including proteins involved in the response against oxidative stress (i.e., glutathione S-transferase and hydroperoxide resistance protein), underlining the importance of NtrC to bacterial survival under oxidative stress conditions.

UHPLC-MS-based non-targeted metabolomics was used to investigate the biochemical basis of pecan scab resistance. Two contrasting pecan varieties, Kanza (scab-resistant) and Pawnee (scab-susceptible), were profiled and the metabolomics data analyzed using multivariate statistics. Significant qualitative and quantitative metabolic differences were observed between the two varieties. Both varieties were found to have some unique metabolites. Metabolites that were only present or more abundant in Kanza relative to Pawnee could potentially contribute to the scab resistance in Kanza. Some of these metabolites were putatively identified as quercetin derivatives using tandem mass spectrometry. This suggests that quercetin derivatives could be important to pecan scab resistance.

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