With the advancement oftechnology and the information explosion, integration of the two into performance aiding systems can have a significant impact on operational and maintenance environments. The Department of Defense and commercial industry have made great strides in digitizing and automating technical manuals and data to be presented on performance aiding systems. These performance aides are computerized interactive systems that provide procedures on how to operate and maintain fielded systems. The idea is to provide the end-user a system which is compatible with their work environment.The purpose of this paper is to show, historically, the progression of wearable computer aiding systems for maintenance environments, and then highlight the work accomplished in the design and development of glasses-mounted displays (GMD). The paper reviews work performed over the last seven years, then highlights, through review of a usability study, the advances made with GMDs. The use of portable computing systems, such as laptop and notebook computers, does not necessarily increase the accessibility ofthe displayed information while accomplishing a given task in a hands-busy, mobile work environment. The use of a GMD increases accessibility of the information by placing it in eye sight ofthe user without obstructing the surrounding environment. Although the potential utility for this type of display is great, hardware and human integration must be refined. Results from the Usability study show the usefulness and usability ofthe GMD in a mobile, hands-free environment.
This research investigated the effects of data presentation formats on technician performance when maintenance procedures are presented on a monocular, head-mounted display (HMD). The maintenance task was a continuity check performed by identifying, selecting, and testing pairs of cannon plug connector pins. Two formats were used to present task procedure information to the subject: a format that mimicked the standard technical procedure manual, including the textual and graphical characteristics; a format which provided the same information as the first, while adding visual cues to the graphical portion of the technical information. Two types of cannon plugs were used: 'few-pin' plugs (12 and 13 pins) and 'many-pm' plugs (55 and 79 pins).United States Air Force (USAF) avionics maintenance technicians stationed atBarksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana served as subjects. Dependent measures were: task completion time, task error rate, and subjective reports on the usability of the information presentation structure and the HMD. Results indicate that in general, technicians perform tasks more quickly and commit fewer errors when using enhanced graphical data presentation methods. Technicians indicated via post test questionnaire that such data formats, and HMDs in general, could be a useful tool in the performance of their maintenance duties.
REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGEForm AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank)2. REPORT DATE February 1999 REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED Interim -November 1995 to February 1999 TITLE AND SUBTITLE Preliminary Recommendations for the Electronic Display of Graphical Aircraft Maintenance Information AUTHOR(S)Laurie L. Quill, David E. Kancler, Patrick Pohle, Barbara L. Masquelier PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)University Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words)The conversion of paper schematic diagrams to electronic display presentations requires identification and analysis of associated cognitive demands. Schematic diagrams are typically used by expert maintainers in troubleshooting aircraft faults, These expert maintainers must rely on skill, rule, and knowledge-based behavior to successfully use these diagrams. In this task, the Applied Cognitive Task Analysis (ACTA) method was employed to elicit knowledge associated with using schematic diagrams for troubleshooting. Eleven F-15 maintenance technicians were interviewed. Results showed that schematic diagrams not only support the basic abilities required for troubleshooting; they also allow for visualization of the dynamic flow of system relations and process activities on the aircraft. The ACTA method identified the cues and strategies used to mentally depict system flow. Efforts to convert schematic diagrams to electronic display presentations should support the basic troubleshooting abilities, as well as the cues and strategies that depict dynamic system flow.
The Crew Survivability and Logistics Division of the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL/HES) is currently directing a program of research focused on enhancing the task environment for programmed depot maintenance (PDM) technicians. One issue being addressed by the Integrated Technical Information for the Air Logistics Centers (ITI-ALC) program is the appropriate insertion of advanced technologies into the PDM task environment. One challenge facing AFRL/HES was to identify those PDM functions for which the insertion of ITI-ALC technologies would be most beneficial. This paper describes how the application of a traditional human factors-based systems analysis led to the identification of these functions.
REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, nathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188), Washington, DC 20503. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank)2. REPORT DATE January 1998 REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVEREDFinal -October 1997 -January 1998 This technical paper documents the final results of an analysis of the task environment under which depot maintenance technicians perform their jobs-specifically, programmed depot maintenance (PDM) for F-15 aircraft. This effort has resulted in a detailed system-level analysis of PDM activities in which an understanding of the PDM process, specific major jobs with the process, and the types of support necessary for successful job completion have been identified. The motivation for this research was to identify activities in the process that would most benefit from technologies expected from the Integrated Technical Information for the Air Logistics Center (ITI-ALC) Program. SUBJECT TERMS BackgroundThis technical paper documents the final results of an analysis of the task environment under which depot maintenance technicians perform their jobs-specifically, programmed depot maintenance (PDM) for F-15 aircraft. This effort has resulted in a detailed systemlevel analysis of PDM activities in which an understanding of the PDM process, specific major jobs within the process, and the types of support necessary for successful job completion have been identified. The motivation for this research was to identify activities in the process that would most benefit from technologies expected from the Integrated Technical Information for the Air Logistics Center (ITI-ALC) Program.In performing our analysis of the PDM task environment, three sources of information were considered: task analysis results-specifically, the types of support required for successful completion of individual PDM jobs; 15 Business Process Improvements (BPIs) defined for the m-ALC Program under an effort directed by the Systems Research and Applications (SRA) Corporation (SRA Corporation, 1995a, 1995b; and insights and comments offered by personnel from the Warner-Robins Air Logistics Center (WR-ALC). The data collected from WR-ALC was used to verify results obtained from written documentation of the PDM process and made available through WR-ALC personnel (WR-ALC, 1997).During the preliminary stages of our analysis of the PDM task environment~in order to gain an appreciation for ITI-ALC an...
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