Smartphone use among parents is rising sharply, as they seek connectedness with partners, friends and work during the sometimes detached times of parenthood. Since parents increasingly use smartphones while interacting with their children, there is growing research about the implications of parental smartphone for parent-child interactions. However, previous reviews have not examined whether the effects of parental smartphone use on parent-child interactions vary depending on children’s age. Additionally, no systematic review has summarized the potential benefits of parents’ smartphone use for parent-child interactions. Therefore, the goals of this systematic review were (1) to explore the role of children’s age in the link between parental smartphone use and parent-child interactions and (2) to summarize potential benefits of parental smartphone use for parent-child interactions. Following PRISMA guidelines, a total of k = 21 papers met all eligibility criteria and were included in this review. Results gest noteworthy effects of parental smartphone use on parent-child interactions across all age groups, but the foci and outcomes of the studies differed between them. Benefits were mostly perceived when people where relaxed and enjoying themselves, but only a few studies have focused on the potential positive impact of parental smartphone use on parent-child interactions. The review provides an overview about future areas of research to explore how smartphone changes family interactions. Families have to find adequate ways of dealing with new technology in everyday life, which inevitably affects the nature of their daily interactions.

Background: Psychological flexibility (PF) is a central construct in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT). Many studies have operationalized PF using the self-report Acceptance and Actions Questionnaire (AAQ-II). Information on the treatment sensitivity of self-report assessments of PF is lacking, however. We investigated differences in the treatment sensitivity of the AAQ-II compared to other measures of PF across various samples.Methods: Using three different clinical samples (N=164), we compared the pretreatmentposttreatment change scores of the AAQ-II to those of three alternative self-report questionnaires measuring PF in a within-subject design. Sensitivity to change was assessed with effect sizes and Reliable Change Index (RC).Results: Without exception, effect sizes and rates of clinically significant change were larger in all three alternative questionnaires and across three populations compared to the standard formulation of the AAQ-II. Conclusions:The results of the present study show greater treatment sensitivity of three alternative questionnaires measuring PF compared to the AAQ-II. The results suggest that treatment effects concerning PF may have been underestimated depending on the wording and measure used. Implications for research on PF and ACT processes and outcomes are discussed.

Background: Despite increasing research on psychological flexibility (PF) and its importance to psychological health, only a few measures exist for assessing this construct, and they have shortcomings, particularly in construct validity.Methods: This study assessed the factor structure, construct validity, and predictive value of the Open and Engaged State Questionnaire (OESQ) on samples with panic disorder and/or agoraphobia (n = 120), panic disorder with agoraphobia (n = 46), and burnout (n = 85). Results:The confirmatory factor analysis verified the expected one-dimensional structure and found good internal consistency in all three samples. Analysis of the construct validity revealed correlations to pathology, personality traits, and total functioning; it also revealed discrimination of PF from neuroticism when measured with the OESQ. Furthermore, we found that PF predicted outcomes of symptomatology. Conclusions:Considering the criticisms and suggestions for improvement in the literature on assessing PF, the OESQ proved to be a valuable operationalization of this construct. With better discriminant and incremental validity compared to other questionnaires as well as unique predictive value, the OESQ is important for future research on PF and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT).

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Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Stationäre psychotherapeutische Behandlungen haben eine große Bedeutung im Versorgungsalltag. Ihre Bewährung bei schwergradigen und komorbiden Störungsbildern ist jedoch nur lückenhaft untersucht. Dies gilt besonders für die zunehmend angewendete Akzeptanz- und Commitment-Therapie (ACT). Fragestellung: In erster Linie soll die Wirksamkeit einer stationären störungsübergreifenden ACT-basierten Behandlung in erwähnten Stichproben untersucht werden. Ergänzend wird der zeitliche Verlauf der psychischen Flexibilität (PF), dem Kernkonzept der ACT, explorativ untersucht. Methode: Eine konsekutive Stichprobe von 47 Patientinnen und Patienten mit heterogenen und komorbiden Störungsbildern in stationärer Psychotherapie wurde im Rahmen einer explorativen Beobachtungsstudie mittels wöchentlicher Verlaufsmessungen sowie umfassender Prä-Post-Vergleiche untersucht. Ergebnisse: Die Effektstärken hinsichtlich allgemeiner Symptomreduktion, der Zunahme psychischer Flexibilität sowie weiterer ACT-spezifischer Fertigkeiten sind moderat bis hoch. Die Verlaufsmessungen weisen auf lineare Verbesserungen sowie hohe Übereinstimmungen zwischen Selbst- und Fremdrating hin. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Ergebnisse zeigen positive Effekte der ACT im stationären Setting bei einer diagnostisch heterogenen Stichprobe mit einem hohen Anteil komorbider Störungen.