Introduction andOjective. The skin is the most important external organ, protecting against pathogens, physical and chemical injuries, as well as ultraviolat (UV) radiation. Continuous exposure to UV radiation, allergens, and pollutants, as well as consumption of highly processed foods, all promote the development and exacerbation of skin diseases, which appear highly differentiated. Skin diseases have a significant impact on the patient's quality of life and psychological well-being, which is why finding effective therapeutic compounds appears to be so important, especially since multiple conditions still remain untreated. The benefits of flavonoids in the management of psoriasis, acne, atopic dermatitis, urticaria, ringworm, and other skin diseases, are discussed in this review. Review methods. A search was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar databases for articles, to assess the effect of flavonoids in the prevention and treatment of skin diseases. Articles in both Polish and English were searched for. To eliminate duplicate works, the bibliography was reviewed. Brief description of the state of knowledge. Flavonoids' antioxidant and photoprotective properties are the primary factors influencing their preventive use in the development of skin diseases. The risk of tumour formation is significantly reduced as a result of these two applications. They hasten the healing of long-lasting wounds and ulcers due to their circulation-stimulating properties. Plants high in flavonoids are used in dressings and poultices. Their extracts are used in creams and solutions to treat and prevent a variety of skin diseases. Summary. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of flavonoids makes them an important reference in the treatment of skin diseases. The advancement of natural medicinal substances is a critical aspect of modern medicine.
The aim: To analyze the available literature on the most common daily urological problems in menopausal women and to evaluate the use of hormone replacement therapy for troublesome urological symptoms. Materials and methods: Analysis of publications from PubMed databases on the most common disorders during menopause was performed and the most common urog¬ynaecological problems in postmenopausal women were selected according to literature data. Different available methods of treatment of these disorders were compared. Conclusions: During menopause, women struggle with many unpleasant symptoms from the genitourinary system. For most women, this is a very embarrassing topic and, although bothersome, underestimated. The urinary tract infections, urinary incontinence or kidney stones can lead to serious complications, if left untreated. We should strive to make women more aware of possible methods of prevention and treatment of the menopausal symptoms in the context of urological disorders.
Introduction andObjective. Known for their strong antioxidant properties, flavonoids are the major polyphenolic compounds found in a wide variety of plants, vegetables, and fruits. A growing number of reports has indicated their anticancer effect. Affecting numerous cellular pathways, polyphenols suppress carcinogenesis which allows for new strategies developed to fight skin cancer. Given the high morbidity and mortality rates due to skin cancer, the aim of the review is to summarize earlier studies on the role of flavonoids in skin cancer prevention and treatment. Review Methods. A search was conducted using the PubMed databases. Using keywords related to flavonoids and skin cancer, articles in Polish and English were manually searched. Duplicate papers were removed, and the bibliographies of selected studies as well as bibliographies from other reviews were reviewed in order to incorporate additional relevant studies into the review. Brief description of the state of knowledge. Flavonoids are effective immunomodulators since they modulate cell growth, induce apoptosis, and reduce reactive oxygen species production. They have DNA repair abilities that can be used to prevent various skin diseases caused by excessive sun exposure. They can prevent, postpone, or completely stop photocarcinogenesis. Summary. Because of their effect on numerous cellular pathways, flavonoids have been studied extensively to confirm their preventive and therapeutic potential in skin cancer. Flavonoids have been shown in studies to shrink cancerous tumours and prevent metastasis. Their use in prevention and anticancer therapies may contribute to lower skin cancer mortality rates.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmunological condition of the central nervous system (CNS) affecting mainly young adult individuals. The prevalence ranges approximately between 50 and 300 per 100000 individuals. It is characterized by an inflammatory process, demyelination and axonal loss. Immunological mechanisms resulting in the damage to the myelin sheath effecting then in impaired nerve impulse conduction have the key role in MS pathogenesis. The role of inflammatory factors has also been proved. However, it has not been explicitly shown whether such an inflammatory process is the triggering factor or secondary to a yet unknown infectious factor or a degenerative process of the CNS. Therefore, recognition of the epigenetic risk factors, such as: geographical latitude, vitamin D level, hygiene hypothesis, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection and others may contribute to better understanding of the mechanism underlying multiple sclerosis. Additionally, they may provide guidelines for more efficient therapies and better prevention of the disease. Aim of this review is to present most current data on multiple sclerosis risk factors, considering those less known.
The aim: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by inflammation and demyelination, which leads to chronic progressive disability. Fingolimod is the first registered oral disease-modifying drug (DMD) approved for the treatment of highly active relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Fingolimod statistically significantly reduced the number of relapses, clinical and radiological disease activity and disability progression. However, fingolimod can be associated with an increased risk of cancer. This study is aimed to underline how important is regular specialist follow-up during fingolimod therapy. Materials and methods: The literature review was conducted using the key words: “fingolimod”, “multiple sclerosis”, “fingolimod and cancer”, “relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis”, “fingolimod adverse effects”, “basal cell carcinoma fingolimod”, “squamous cell carcinoma fingolimod”. The study is based on the case report of a 67-year-old male patient with metachronous skin cancer treated with fingolimod. The drug had an influence on the inhibition of clinical and radiological activity of the disease. Despite the control of the underlying disease, skin cancers occurred during treatment. Basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma were diagnosed at an early stage when complete resection was possible and negative (R0) margin resection was achieved. Conclusions: Dermatological examination should be performed at the beginning and during treatment with fingolimod. Patients need to be informed about the risk of malignancy. Patient education are crucial during treatment, which allows achieving a good therapeutic effect, thus minimizing the risk of malignancy and enabling its early detection and cure.
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