This work deals with the characterization of the color properties of different titanium oxide films, obtained by means of anodic oxidation. The color of these oxides varies with film thickness, since it is due to light interference phenomena taking place at the metal-oxide-air interfaces. Color measurements were carried out by using spectrophotometry techniques: the values obtained belong to the colorimetric space CIELAB, which is defined as standard colorimetric space. The results of these analyses were related to the oxide structure, analyzed with X-ray diffraction techniques, which was determined to be either amorphous or semicrystalline. Also the oxide thickness was taken into account. This feature was derived both from ellipsometric data and from reflectance spectra: the two data are shown to be in good adherence. Both commercial purity titanium (grade 2 ASTM) and titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V substrates were investigated.
Titanium biomaterials are widely employed to produce medical components, such as hip and knee-joint prostheses, bone plates and screws, dental implants, pacemaker cases, surgical equipment, etc. Their diffusion is ascribed to the broad spectrum of optimal mechanical and surface properties, such as the corrosion resistance and correlated low ionic release, the biocompatibility, and especially, the enhanced osseointegration that can be achieved by surface modifications, particularly by suitable anodizing treatments. This review is intended to provide a survey of the wide class of anodic oxidation treatments on titanium, focusing on the oxide structures, morphologies, and compositions that best apply to the variegated fields of titanium applications.
Osteointegrative dental implants are widely used in implantology for their well-known excellent performance once implanted in the host. Remarkable bacterial colonization along the transgingival region may result in a progressive loss of adhesion at gum-implant interface and an increase of the bone area exposed to pathogens. This phenomenon may negatively effect the osteointegration process and cause, in the most severe cases, implant failure. The presence of bacteria at implant site affect the growth of new bone tissue and consequently, the achievement of a mechanically stable bone-implant interface, key parameters for a suitable implant osteointegration. In the present work, a novel surface treatment has been developed and optimized in order to convert the amorphous titanium oxide in a crystalline layer enriched in anatase capable of providing not only antibacterial properties but also of stimulating the precipitation of apatite when placed in simulated body fluid. The collected data have shown that the tested treatment results in a crystalline anatase-type titanium oxide layer able to provide a remarkable decrease in bacterial attachment without negatively effecting cell metabolic activity. In conclusion, the surface modification treatment analyzed in the present study might be an elegant way to reduce the risk of bacterial adhesion and increase the lifetime of the transgingival component in the osteointegrated dental implant.
Among the different AM techniques, filament-based technology-i.e., fused deposition modeling (FDM)-is the most widely used, and it is also recognized as the best AM technique for functional structures (6). FDM machines can be classified into 2 types: professional and consumer. The professional machines are those produced by the company Stratasys under the trade name Fortus® which, with its founder Scott Crump, developed the original FDM concepts. These machines can operate with acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) copolymer, nylon (Ny), polycarbonate (PC), and polycarbonate and ABS (PC-ABS), acrylonitrile styrene acrylate (ASA), polyetherimide (PEI) and polyphenylsulfone (PPSF). In recent years, many consumer machines have appeared on the market based on FDM working principles. Consumer machines can operate with poly(lactic acid) (PLA), ABS, polyethylene terephthalate glycol-modified (PETG), Ny and PC.
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