JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. ONE OF THE MANY CHOICES AVAILABLE to speakers of American English asthey narrate stories of personal experience is whether or not to include instances of dialogue in the story. Not all speakers do so. However, including instances of verbal interchange is one way speakers can heighten the performance value of their stories, thus making them more vivid. When dialogue is included, speakers have even further choices to make. They can select direct speech or indirect speech (e.g., He said, "I'm coming" or He said that he was coming). When direct speech is the option, narrators are likewise free to include dialogue without an overt introducer, using a null form or zero introducer (e.g., I nudge my husband. 0 "Wake up. "). Though rare, this interesting choice receives attention from Mathis and Yule (1994). If narrators do choose an overt introducer, an additional discourse resource over which they exercise choice lies in the various tense options available. Among these are the past tense and the historical present, that is, the present tense used to describe past events (as in He says, "Don't step on it" used to convey a past event). Tense variation in verbs of saying, its constraints and functions, has been the subject of scholarly interest by Schiffrin (1981), Wolfson (1982), Tannen (1986; 1989), andJohnstone (1987; 1990), among others. But speaker choice does not stop with tense selection. Narrators may optionally select which type of quotative complementizer is to be used as a grammatical indicator that what follows is a representation of the speech or thought of others. They may choose between say, go, or be + like.'
Evidence is presented indicating that two factors play a part in the lunar modulation of geomagnetic activity: (1) Phase of the moon: the average level of geomagnetic activity is diminished for several days before full moon and enhanced for several days after full moon. (2) Celestial latitude of the moon: activity is diminished when the moon is more than 4 ø from the plane of the ecliptic and enhanced when the moon is closer to the plane. Approximately from first quarter to last quarter, when these two factors work together the greatest amplitude of modulation occurs; when they work against each other no significant modulation of geomagnetic activity is detected. There is no evidence of any significant lunar influence on geomagnetic activity over the new-moon half of the orbit. These results are discussed in terms of recent observations of the earth's magnetic tail.
The average solar wind velocity and the level of geomagnetic activity (Kp) following central meridian passage of coronal weak and bright features identified from Oso 7 isophotograms of Fe XV (284 Å) are determined by the method of superposed epochs. Results are consistent with the concept that bright regions possess magnetic fields of closed configuration, thereby reducing particle escape, while coronal holes possess open magnetic field lines favorable to particle escape or enhanced outflow of the solar wind. Coronal holes are identified with Bartels' M regions not only statistically but by linking specific long‐lived holes with individual sequences of geomagnetic storms. In the study of bright regions a subdivision by brightness temperature (Tb) of associated 9.1‐cm radiation was found to be significant, with the regions of higher Tb having a stronger inhibiting power on the outflow of the solar wind when they were located in the solar hemisphere on the same side of the solar equator as the earth. Regions of highest Tb most strongly depress the outflow of solar wind but are also the most likely to produce flare‐associated great storms.
The behavior of the daily KP index of magnetic activity is investigated as a function of lunar phase by the method of superposed epochs. The analysis indicates a slight but statistically significant enhancement of geomagnetic disturbance during several days following full moon and, with marginal significance, a slight diminution of disturbance during several days preceding full moon. A small dip in KP, found at the phase of new moon, is shown to be without statistical significance.
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