Opinion mining and sentiment analysis based on social media has been developed these years, especially with the popularity of social media and the development of machine learning. But in the community of nuclear engineering and technology, sentiment analysis is seldom studied, let alone the automatic analysis by using machine learning algorithms. This work concentrates on the public sentiment mining of nuclear energy in German-speaking countries based on the public comments of nuclear news in social media by using the automatic methodology, since compared with the news itself, the comments are closer to the public real opinions. The results showed that majority comments kept in neutral sentiment. 23% of comments were in positive tones, which were approximate 4 times those in negative tones. The concerning issues of the public are the innovative technology development, safety, nuclear waste, accidents and the cost of nuclear power. Decision tree, random forest and long short-term memory networks (LSTM) are adopted for the automatic sentiment analysis. The results show that all of the proposed methods can be applied in practice to some extent. But as a deep learning algorithm, LSTM gets the highest accuracy approximately 85.6% with also the best robustness of all.
Summary The Extensive Damage Mitigation Guideline (EDMG), which was developed by the U.S. Nuclear Energy Institute (NEI) owing to the motivation of 911 terrorist attacks and not allowed to spread before the Fukushima nuclear accident, was publicly available after Fukushima nuclear accident and paid attention to worldwide. Many countries have adopted the U.S. EDMG methodology and developed their strategies (some are not called EDMG but have similar functions), planning to introduce it into the emergency plans of their domestic nuclear power plants (NPPs). Based on the defense‐in‐depth (DID) concept of nuclear safety, the experience of the Fukushima nuclear accident, and the state‐of‐the‐art of EDMGs research, this paper will give a comprehensive review of EDMG. To illustrate the reason for the introduction of EDMG into the traditional NPP procedures/guidelines, the review work started from the perspective of DID in nuclear safety and the reason for the Fukushima nuclear accident from the viewpoint of DID, which showed the weaknesses of DID implementation strategy ‐ underestimation of the damage during a beyond‐design‐basis external event (BDBEE). EDMG is crucial complementary for the old framework of procedures/guidelines to enhance the concept of DID. The research progress of EDMG in different countries has been reviewed and a rough comparison has been made among them according to the present state‐of‐the‐art from literature. The methodology of EDMG is summarized as follows: (a) Loss of Large Area (LOLA) ‐ the originally designed scenario for EDMG; (b) elements of EDMG ‐ the summarized contents for EDMG implementation; (c) classification of EDMG ‐ initial response EDMGs and Technical Support Center (TSC) response EDMGs; (d) implementation of EDMG‐introduction of three phases of EDMG implementation step by step. Furthermore, three typical methods to integrate EDMG into the traditional procedures/guidelines are reviewed. Finally, this paper gives some concluding remarks for EDMG‐related critical issues and recommended future work, which may be challenges for the development and application of EDMG and useful for the related researchers. Novelty Statement The studies of the extensive damage mitigation guideline (EDMG), its methodology, and the progress in different countries have been reviewed. Three typical methods to integrate EDMG into the traditional procedures/guidelines are summarized and reviewed. Concluding remarks for EDMG‐related critical issues and recommended future work are summarized.
In order to enhance the defense in depth for nuclear safety after the Fukushima nuclear accident, U.S. Nuclear Energy Institute put forward the concept of Diverse and Flexible Coping Strategies and the corresponding FLEX support guidelines for the special scenarios of Extended Loss of Alternating current Power and Loss of Ultimate Heat Sink caused by Beyond-Design-Basis External Event. Subsequently, the idea of the FLEX strategy was widely accepted and spread widely. The introduction of the concept of FLEX strategy into the defense in depth was the biggest improvement for nuclear safety in the recent decade. This paper has reviewed the concept of traditional defense in depth and its weakness that led to the Fukushima nuclear accident, which led to the development motivation for the FLEX strategy. The research progress of the FLEX strategy in different countries in the past ten years has been reviewed. Based on the literature, and the above-mentioned review, some recommended future work has been given.
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