New safety strategies for nuclear power plants: A review

Abstract

Summary The Extensive Damage Mitigation Guideline (EDMG), which was developed by the U.S. Nuclear Energy Institute (NEI) owing to the motivation of 911 terrorist attacks and not allowed to spread before the Fukushima nuclear accident, was publicly available after Fukushima nuclear accident and paid attention to worldwide. Many countries have adopted the U.S. EDMG methodology and developed their strategies (some are not called EDMG but have similar functions), planning to introduce it into the emergency plans of their domestic nuclear power plants (NPPs). Based on the defense‐in‐depth (DID) concept of nuclear safety, the experience of the Fukushima nuclear accident, and the state‐of‐the‐art of EDMGs research, this paper will give a comprehensive review of EDMG. To illustrate the reason for the introduction of EDMG into the traditional NPP procedures/guidelines, the review work started from the perspective of DID in nuclear safety and the reason for the Fukushima nuclear accident from the viewpoint of DID, which showed the weaknesses of DID implementation strategy ‐ underestimation of the damage during a beyond‐design‐basis external event (BDBEE). EDMG is crucial complementary for the old framework of procedures/guidelines to enhance the concept of DID. The research progress of EDMG in different countries has been reviewed and a rough comparison has been made among them according to the present state‐of‐the‐art from literature. The methodology of EDMG is summarized as follows: (a) Loss of Large Area (LOLA) ‐ the originally designed scenario for EDMG; (b) elements of EDMG ‐ the summarized contents for EDMG implementation; (c) classification of EDMG ‐ initial response EDMGs and Technical Support Center (TSC) response EDMGs; (d) implementation of EDMG‐introduction of three phases of EDMG implementation step by step. Furthermore, three typical methods to integrate EDMG into the traditional procedures/guidelines are reviewed. Finally, this paper gives some concluding remarks for EDMG‐related critical issues and recommended future work, which may be challenges for the development and application of EDMG and useful for the related researchers. Novelty Statement The studies of the extensive damage mitigation guideline (EDMG), its methodology, and the progress in different countries have been reviewed. Three typical methods to integrate EDMG into the traditional procedures/guidelines are summarized and reviewed. Concluding remarks for EDMG‐related critical issues and recommended future work are summarized.

Sustainable Energy Safety Management Utilizing an Industry-Relative Assessment of Enterprise Equipment Technical Condition

“…Cyber-security controls are necessary to reduce security threats, particularly NPPs, based on quantifying the impact of potential cyber-attacks on a facility and its associated security controls. Safety management based on technical diagnostics of the functioning of individual elements of power complexes was presented in [4,[16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. The authors proposed a comprehensive diagnosis of power equipment and forecasting of the service life based on a study of the stress-strain state of elements and calculation of the residual life by analyzing the degree of metal degradation.…”

“…The authors proposed a comprehensive diagnosis of power equipment and forecasting of the service life based on a study of the stress-strain state of elements and calculation of the residual life by analyzing the degree of metal degradation. Based on the proposed methodology for determining the number of permissible load cycles under different operating conditions, the authors of [4,17,20] proposed a model for managing the safety of nuclear power units using international regulatory and legislative requirements, as described in [18,[23][24][25], and an algorithm for predicting further operations within the design and beyond the design life.…”

A digital twin framework for construction and operation of the radioactive waste repository

“…Sev eral frame works of 4-level dig i tal twins for cer tain ap pli cation sce nar ios have been pro posed in the nu clear in dustry, which has in spired our frame work for ra dio ac tive waste dis posal in this study. The re search ers in the Idaho Na tional Lab o ra tory and North Carolina State Uni ver sity have re viewed the un cer tainty quan ti fi cation and soft ware risk anal y sis for dig i tal twins in a nearly au ton o mous man age ment and con trol (NAMAC) sys tem [24] which is used to en hance the de fense-in-depth for nu clear in stal la tion [25,26], and put for ward a de tailed frame work for the NAMAC system [27]. Gar cia et al [28] have pro posed a frame work for the re al iza tion of au ton o mous man age ment for nuclear sys tems.…”

A review on the defense-in-depth concept and the flex strategies in different countries after Fukushima accident

“…In Hongyanhe NPP (CPR1000) [74], the EDMG and FLEX strat e gies have been es tab lished. Ad di tion ally, re lated to FLEX de vel op ment in China, Xu et al [75,76] have con centrated on the pro ce dures to de velop FLEX strat egy based on the sum mary of the lit er a ture. Yu et al [77] have built an in te grated strat egy which was di vided into three parts for con trol and com mand, con trol room re cov ery, and ac ci dent man age ment sep a rately.…”