The purpose of this study is to determine the role of curcumin in the alteration of levels of interleukin (IL)-1a, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor a (TNF-a) as proinflammatory cytokines in monocyte culture exposed to preeclamptic plasma, as well as the effect on the transcription factors: nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-kB) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor g (PPAR-g). Plasma was taken from preeclamptic women (n Z 12) and normotensive pregnant women (n Z 12). Monocyte cultures were taken from nonpregnant healthy woman. Monocyte cultures were incubated with plasma for 48 hours. Curcumin in various doses were given in monocytic cultures prior to and after preeclamptic plasma exposure. The levels of IL-1a, IL-6, and TNF-a as well as NF-kB and PPAR-g in each culture were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay procedures. The final data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and path analysis. This study shows a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1a, IL-6, and TNFa) in monocyte cultures exposed (B.Rahardjo). + MODELPlease cite this article in press as: Rahardjo B, et al., Curcumin decreased level of proinflammatory cytokines in monocyte cultures exposed to preeclamptic plasma by affecting the transcription factors NF-kB and PPAR-g, Biomarkers and Genomic Medicine (2014), http://dx. Biomarkers and Genomic Medicine (2014) xx, 1e11 to preeclamptic plasma compared with normotensive pregnancy plasma. Curcumin treatment in various doses can decrease significantly (p < 0.05) proinflammatory cytokine levels in monocyte cultures that have been already stimulated by preeclamptic plasma. After curcumin treatment, there was a decreased level of nuclear NF-kB p50 and a significantly increased level of PPAR-g. Curcumin has a direct effect on decreasing the levels of nuclear NF-kB p50 and also curcumin indirectly influenced the level of nuclear NF-kB p50 by the increased level of PPAR-g. Curcumin could decrease levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1a, IL-6, and TNFa) in monocyte cultures exposed to preeclamptic plasma by affecting the transcription factors, NF-kB and PPAR-g. Curcumin has potential in the prevention and future treatment of preeclampsia, through inflammation pathways assumed as being responsible for the development of preeclampsia.
The susceptibility of six milled rice varieties Ciherang, Membramo, Cibogo, Sembada, to the Lesser Grain Borer (Rhyzopertha dominica, F) was studied by No Choice Test Method under laboratory condition (27 ± 2℃and 65 ± 5% RH). The Susceptibility was assessed on the basis of eggs number laid by female insects, the number of F 1 progeny emerged, the weight loss of infested samples and also the Dobie's Index of susceptibility. The results revealed that the number of eggs laid by female insects, the number of F 1 progeny emerged and weight loss of infested samples were significantly low in Membramo variety followed by Ciherang, IR-64, Cibogo, Sembada and Intani-2. Based on the index of susceptibility, the milled rice variety of Membramo had the lowest susceptibility index and was regarded as resistant. While the milled rice varieties of Ciherang, IR-64, Cibogo and Sembada were considered as moderately resistant, Intani-2 seen as the most highly susceptible. These results imply that the milled rice variety with high phenolic content and hardness potentialy revealed resistant to the R. dominica infestation.
Diversity and phylogeny of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) in South Kalimantan based on morphology and molecular (RAPD-PCR and DNA sequencing). Seven species of fruit fly was known by morphological identification. The fruit flies were found from trapping with methyl eugenol and fruit collecting at all study sites in South Kalimantan. The results showed that as much as 17 plants were infected by fruit fly. Dendrogram based on morphological identification analyzed by using UPGMA with MEGA 4 program consisted in a group consisting of 5 sub-groups. Bactrocera carambolae and Bactrocera papayae of morphology were still a closely related fruit fly at 0.935. Whereas, based on RAPD result analized by UPGMA using 20 character of DNA based, showed that out of seven species consisted 2 groups, 1st group were B. umbrosa, B. occipitalis and sub-group of B. latifrons. The second group consists of sub-groups B.carambolae, B. papaya, sub-group B. albistrigata and B. cucurbitae. The results of dendrogram from sequencing DNA fruit fly analysis comprised one of group and three sub-groups. The first sub-groups were B. papayae, B. carambolae, B. occipitalis, B.latifrons. The second subgroup were B. cucurbitae and B. umbrosa. While B. albistrigata separate but still one group with another fruit flies. The results of DNA sequencing showed that there were a homology of the seven species of the fruit fly i.e at 83 base pair / bp (C), 101 bp (T), 265 bp (G), 420 bp (A), 432 bp (T), 600 bp (A ). The length of the base pair for B. occipitalis, B. cucurbitae, B. albistrigata, B. carambolae, B. papayae, B. latifrons were respectively 615, 898, 570.969, 898 and 615 bp. The results of morphological analysis and RAPD methods showed difference in the distribution of groups and sub-groups. But based on morphologycal and DNA identification seven species of fruit flies found were all same as the genebank.
Insects visit flowers not only to forage for nectar or pollen but also to search for hosts or prey, and to look for suitable habitats for breeding sites. In oil palm flowers, it has been documented that not all flower-visiting insects are pollinators, but some insects are recognized as predators, parasitoids or saprophages, which may affect the abundance and persistence of the weevil pollinating oil palm, Elaeidobius kamerunicus. We studied the community of oil palm flower-visiting insects and investigated the covariation between the abundance E. kamerunicus and that of other dominant species. Ecological research was conducted in oil palm plantations with different tree ages in Central Borneo. Our results found that tree age and flower type of oil palm did not influence the abundance and species richness of flower-visiting insects, but significantly affected their species composition. There was a significant positive relationship between the abundance of E. kamerunicus and the fly Scaptodrosophila sp, indicating that these species covariate in oil palm flowers. These findings suggest that understanding the covariation between E. kamerunicus and Scaptodrosophila sp may help develop the conservation strategies for E. kamerunicus to support the sustainable production of oil palm.
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