Titanium has been widely used in biomedical implant applications due to its excellent mechanical properties and biocompatibility. However, manufacturing titanium was quite challenging due to the need for high temperature while having high reactivity. Therefore, spark plasma sintering (SPS) is proposed as an advance rapid sintering technique which allows the fabrication of bulk and porous titanium for biomedical application. This review aims to explore the recent status of titanium alloys prepared by the SPS method. There are two common approaches of titanium development by the SPS method, develop a bulk titanium alloy, or develop porous titanium. The development of titanium for biomedical implant application was done by improving biocompatibility alloy and repair some unsatisfactory mechanical properties. Some low toxicity of titanium alloys (Aluminum free and Vanadium free) had been studied such as Ti–Nb, Ti–Zr, Ti–Ag, Ti–Mg, Ti–Nb–Zr, Ti–Nb–Cu, Ti–Nb–Zr–Ta, etc. SPS was shown to increase the mechanical properties of titanium alloys. However, porous titanium alloys prepared by SPS had gained much attention since it may produce titanium with lower elastic modulus in such a short time. Low elastic modulus is preferable for implant material because it can reduce the risk of implant failure due to the stress-shielding effect. Besides mechanical properties, some corrosion resistance and the biocompatibility of titanium are also reviewed in this paper.
Iron-bearing intermetallic phases formed during solidification of Al-Si casting alloys are known for having detrimental effect on their mechanical properties. This is particularly the case of the b-Al 5 FeSi phase which precipitates as thin and extended plates. Many researchers already studied the factors that could influence the formation of this phase and in most cases it has been concluded that low-level additives (e.g. manganese) may lead to the replacement of the beta phase with other intermetallics that are less harmful because of being more compact.In this preliminary work, differential thermal analysis (DTA) was used to study the effect of cooling rate (0.2-40°C/min) on beta phase formation in Al-6.5Si-1Fe alloy. The effect of cooling rate on the characteristic temperature for phase changes was described and compared to literature information. The beta phase was then characterized using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray tomography. Metallographic analysis showed the phase morphology was heavily affected by the cooling rate, and parameters to quantify this have been selected and measured. Moreover, observation also revealed that some alpha phase precipitates at low cooling rate.
Bone reconstructive surgery has become a common procedure, and bone transplantation has become the second most frequently performed tissue transplantation procedure worldwide. Therefore, the need for bone substitute materials has increased. Artificial bone substitutes exhibit osteoconductive properties and feature several advantages, including abundant resources, low cost, and low donor site morbidity. Carbonate apatite (CO3Ap) is a calcium phosphate ceramic that can be used as a synthetic bone graft. The carbonate content of this ceramic is similar to that of bone apatite. In this review, we show that carbonate apatite can be degraded given its chemical reactivity in a weakly acidic environment and through osteoclast resorption. Moreover, it is osteoconductive and promotes bone tissue formation without fibrotic tissue formation. Additionally, microstructural analysis revealed that new bone tissue is formed within the bone graft itself.
Demand for dental health care is increasing, especially in the Orthodontic field. The main objective of orthodontic treatment is to restore malocclusion conditions. Malocclusion causes aesthetics issues for the patient's face and several discomforts like a difficulty in breathing or swallowing or speaking. If not repaired, a malocclusion could lead to other diseases, such as a greater risk of perforated teeth, gum irritation and temporomandibular disorder or pain in the lower jaw. Malocclusion can be remedied by Orthodontic Brackets. This research aim is to fabricate an orthodontic bracket that is suitable for the teeth structure of the Indonesian people. The fabrication method uses an Investment Casting process. The results show that orthodontic brackets have been successfully produced within an acceptable geometric tolerance, with the exception that surface finish quality has to be improved.
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