During myofibril formation, Z-bodies, small complexes of alpha-actinin and associated proteins, grow in size, fuse and align to produce Z-bands. To determine if there were changes in protein dynamics during the assembly process, Fluorescence Recovery after Photobleaching was used to measure the exchange of Z-body and Z-band proteins with cytoplasmic pools in cultures of quail myotubes. Myotubes were transfected with plasmids encoding Yellow, Green or Cyan Fluorescent Protein linked to the Z-band proteins: actin, alpha-actinin, cypher, FATZ, myotilin, and telethonin. Each Z-band protein showed a characteristic recovery rate and mobility. All except telethonin were localized in both Z-bodies and Z-bands. Proteins that were present both early in development in Zbodies and later in Z-bands had faster exchange rates in Z-bodies. These results suggest that during myofibrillogenesis, molecular interactions develop between the Z-band proteins that decrease their mobility and increase the stability of the Z-bands. A truncated construct of alpha-actinin, which localized in Z-bands in myotubes, and exhibited a very low rate of exchange, lead to disruption of myofibrils, suggesting the importance of dynamic, intact alpha-actinin molecules for the formation and maintenance of Z-bands. Our experiments reveal the Z-band to be a much more dynamic structure than its appearance in electron micrographs of cross-striated muscle cells might suggest.

Abstract. Fluorescently labeled alpha-actinin, isolated from chicken gizzards, breast muscle, or calf brains, was microinjected into cultured embryonic myotubes and cardiac myocytes where it was incorporated into the Z-bands of myofibrils. The localization in injected, living cells was confirmed by reacting permeabilized myotubes and cardiac myocytes with fluorescent alpha-actinin. Both living and permeabilized cells incorporated the alpha-actinin regardless of whether the alpha-actinin was isolated from nonmuscle, skeletal, or smooth muscle, or whether it was labeled with different fluorescent dyes. The living muscle cells could beat up to 5 d after injection. Rest-length sarcomeres in beating myotubes and cardiac myocytes were 1.9-2.4 um long, as measured by the separation of fluorescent bands of alpha-actinin. There were areas in nearly all beating cells, however, where narrow bands of alpha-actinin, spaced 0.3-1.5 ~m apart, were arranged in linear arrays giving the appearance of minisarcomeres. In myotubes, alpha-actinin was found exclusively in these closely spaced arrays for the first 2-3 d in culture. When the myotubes became contraction-competent, at ~day 4 to day 5 in culture, alpha-actinin was localized in Z-bands of fully formed sarcomeres, as well as in minisarcomeres. Video recordings of injected, spontaneously beating myotubes showed contracting myofibrils with 2.3 ~m sarcomeres adjacent to noncontracting fibers with finely spaced periodicities of alpha-actinin. Time sequences of the same living myotube over a 24-h period revealed that the spacings between the minisarcomeres increased from 0.9-1.3 to 1.6-2.3 #m. Embryonic cardiac myocytes usually contained contractile networks of fully formed sarcomeres together with noncontractile minisarcomeres in peripheral areas of the cytoplasm. In some cells, individual myofibrils with 1.9-2.3 #m sarcomeres were connected in series with minisarcomeres. Double labeling of cardiac myocytes and myotubes with alpha-actinin and a monoclonal antibody directed against adult chicken skeletal myosin showed that all fibers that contained alpha-actinin also contained skeletal muscle myosin. This was true whether alpha-actinin was present in Z-bands of fully formed sarcomeres or present in the closely spaced beads of minisarcomeres. We propose that the closely spaced beads containing alpha-actinin are nascent Z-bands that grow apart and associate laterally with neighboring arrays containing alpha-actinin to form sarcomeres during myofibrillogenesis.M YOFIBRIL formation in embryonic vertebrate skeletal and cardiac cells has been examined in a number of different ways. Biochemical data have shown there is coordinate synthesis of actin, myosin, tropomyosin, and alpha-actinin during vertebrate myogenesis (6). Immunocytochemical and electron microscopic data suggest that thick and thin filaments are formed at the same time in the cytoplasm and subsequently become organized into sarcomeric arrays (13, 18). The assumption in these studies (13,18) is that the filaments are the s...

Abstract. Myosin light chains labeled with rhodamine are incorporated into myosin-containing structures when microinjected into live muscle and nonmuscle cells. A mixture of myosin light chains was prepared from chicken skeletal muscle, labeled with the fluorescent dye iodoacetamido rhodamine, and separated into individual labeled light chains, LC-1, LC-2, and LC-3. In isolated rabbit and insect myofibrils, the fluorescent light chains bound in a doublet pattern in the A bands with no binding in the cross-bridge-free region in the center of the A bands. When injected into living embryonic chick myotubes and cardiac myocytes, the fluorescent light chains were also incorporated along the complete length of the A band with the exception of the pseudo-H zone. In young myotubes (3-4 d old), myosin was localized in aperiodic as well as periodic fibers. The doublet A band pattern first appeared in 5-d-old myotubes, which also exhibited the first signs of contractility. In 6-d and older myotubes, A bands became increasingly more aligned, their edges sharper, and the separation between them (I bands) wider. In nonmuscle cells, the microinjected fluorescent light chains were incorporated in a striated pattern in stress fibers and were absent from foci and attachment plaques. When the stress fibers of live injected cells were disrupted with DMSO, fluorescently labeled myosin light chains were present in the cytoplasm but did not enter the nucleus. Removal of the DMSO led to the reformation of banded, fluorescent stress fibers within 45 min. In dividing cells, myosin light chains were concentrated in the cleavage furrow and became reincorporated in stress fibers after cytokinesis. Thus, injected nonmuscle cells can disassemble and reassemble contractile fibers using hybrid myosin molecules that contain muscle light chains and nonmuscle heavy chains. Our experiments demonstrate that fluorescenfly labeled myosin light chains from muscle can be readily incorporated into muscle and nonmuscle myosins and then used to follow the dynamics of myosin distribution in living cells.

Actin and the light chains of myosin were labeled with fluorescent dyes and injected into interphase PtK2 cells in order to study the changes in distribution of actin and myosin that occurred when the injected cells subsequently entered mitosis and divided. The first changes occurred when stress fibers in prophase cells began to disassemble. During this process, which began in the center of the cell, individual fibers shortened, and in a few fibers, adjacent bands of fluorescent myosin could be seen to move closer together. In most cells, stress fiber disassembly was complete by metaphase, resulting in a diffuse distribution of the fluorescent proteins throughout the cytoplasm with the greatest concentration present in the mitotic spindle. The first evidence of actin and myosin concentration in a cleavage ring occurred at late anaphase, just before furrowing could be detected. Initially, the intensity of fluorescence and the width of the fluorescent ring increased as the ring constricted. In cells with asymmetrically positioned mitotic spindles, both protein concentration and furrowing were first evident in the cortical regions closest to the equator of the mitotic spindle. As cytokinesis progressed in such asymmetrically dividing cells, fluorescent actin and myosin appeared at the opposite side of the cell just before furrowing activity could be seen there. At the end of cytokinesis, myosin and actin were concentrated beneath the membrane of the midbody and subsequently became organized in two rings at either end of the midbody.

To study how contractile proteins become organized into sarcomeric units in striated muscle, we have exposed glycerinated myofibrils to fluorescently labeled actin, alphaactinin, and tropomyosin, In this in vitro system, alpha-actinin bound to the Z-bands and the binding could not be saturated by prior addition of excess unlabeled alpha-actinin . Conditions known to prevent self-association of alpha-actinin, however, blocked the binding of fluorescently labeled alpha-actinin to Z-bands . When tropomyosin was removed from the myofibrils, alpha-actinin then added to the thin filaments as well as the Z-bands . Actin bound in a doublet pattern to the regions of the myosin filaments where there were free cross-bridges i .e., in that part of the A-band free of interdigitating native thin filaments but not in the center of the Aband which lacks cross-bridges . In the presence of 0.1-0.2 mM ATP, no actin binding occurred . When unlabeled alpha-actinin was added first to myofibrils and then labeled actin was added, fluorescence occurred not in a doublet pattern but along the entire length of the myofibril . Tropomyosin did not bind to myofibrils unless the existing tropomyosin was first removed, in which case it added to the thin filaments in the I-band . Tropomyosin did bind, however, to the exogenously added tropomyosin-free actin that localizes as a doublet in the A-band . These results indicate that the alpha-actinin present in Z-bands of myofibrils is fully complexed with actin, but can bind exogenous alpha-actinin and, if actin is added subsequently, the exogenous alpha-actinin in the Z-band will bind the newly formed fluorescent actin filaments . Myofibrillar actin filaments did not increase in length when G-actin was present under polymerizing conditions, nor did they bind any added tropomyosin . These observations are discussed in terms of the structure and in vivo assembly of myofibrils.The myofibrils of cross-striated muscles are contractile complexes of thick myosin filaments, that interdigitate and interact with thin tropomyosin-coated actin filaments (16). These thin filaments are attached or embedded in a Z-band composed of alpha-actinin and several other proteins (4) . Although thick and thin filaments can self-assemble in vitro from their constituent molecules, the synthetic filaments are not uniform in length, as they are in vivo (21,23,24). Furthermore, we do not know how newly synthesized thick and thin filaments become oriented to form functional contractile units in muscle cells . Studies that have attempted to identify which contractile proteins are synthesized first in developing muscle cells have concluded that there is coordi-THE JOURNAL Of CELL BIOLOGY " VOLUME 98 MARCH 1984 $25-833 © The Rockefeller University Press~0021-9525/84/0310825109 $1 .00 nate synthesis of actin, myosin, tropomyosin, and alphaactinin during myogenesis (5) . Immunocytochemical ( I S) and electron microscopic data (7) suggest that thick and thin filaments are formed concurrently in the cytoplasm and subsequently...

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WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • The SCN1A and SCN2A genes encode α subunits of the neuronal voltage‐gated sodium channel, which are targets for various antiepileptic drugs such as carbamazepine, phenytoin, valproate and others. • Recent studies have demonstrated that various genetic variants of these channel genes play important role in the pathogenesis and therapy of epilepsy. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • This study demonstrates a significant association between the SCN1A c.3184 A→G; AG genotype and epilepsy. • However SCN2A c.56 G→A; allele ‘A’ was significantly associated with multiple drug resistance in epilepsy in north Indian population. AIMS To evaluate sodium channel genes as candidates for epilepsy susceptibility and their role in therapeutic efficacy, we screened coding single‐nucleotide polymorphism of SCN1A p. Thr 1067 Ala or c.3184 A→G (rs2298771) and SCN2A p.Arg19Lys or c.56 G→A (rs17183814) in north Indian epilepsy patients. METHODS The genotyping was performed in 160 control subjects and 336 patients with epilepsy, of whom 117 were drug resistant and 219 were drug responsive. Therapeutic drug monitoring for phenytoin, carbamazepine, phenobarbital and valproate was also performed in 20% of the patients to confirm compliance. RESULTS AG genotype of SCN1A 3184 A→G polymorphism was significantly higher and associated in epilepsy patients [P= 0.005; odds ratio (OR) 1.76, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.19, 2.61], whereas A variant of SCN2A c.56 G→A was associated with multiple drug resistance in north Indian patients with epilepsy (P= 0.03; OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.03, 2.56). CONCLUSIONS Overall, results indicate a differential role of genetic polymorphisms of sodium channels SCN1A and SCN2A in epilepsy susceptibility and drug response.

In lung cancer patients, oxidative stress increased and anti-oxidant enzymes decreased as the disease progressed. Chemotherapy may suppress oxidative stress and decreased anti-oxidant enzyme activity in responders as compared with non-responders. These effects may contribute to improved survival among responders.