The rapid advances in the wireless communication industry have paved the way for the enhancement of wireless mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) to support various domains including civilian environments, emergency operations, and military affairs. Source routing in MANETs is subject to some issues such as changes in the network topology, which lead to frequent link breakages that may increase the requests of route discoveries. Thus, this paper aims to enhance on-demand source routing protocols by proposing two mechanisms, a zone-based route discovery mechanism (ZRDM) and a link failure prediction mechanism (LFPM). ZRDM aims to control the flooding of route requests, and LFPM aims to avoid route breakages caused by node mobility. The performance of the proposed mechanisms was evaluated using network simulator 3 in terms of normalized routing load, average end-to-end delay, and packet delivery ratio. The experimental results showed that the proposed mechanisms outperform well-known mechanisms such as the dynamic source routing (DSR) protocol, reliable DSR, and zone-based DSR and segment-based DSR.

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The use of modern programming in Java has become widely used in the e-learning model to help the student learn in the right place and time. Students have difficulty learning Java and are time-consuming without the benefit of understanding the material. This study presents how to build an electronic application to facilitate learning programming in modern languages. In order to confirm the effectiveness of the application, a questionnaire was developed on the need for an educational application that helps facilitate the process of learning Java and the need for diversity in the methods of educational methods. The study of this questionnaire appeared from the need for this educational electronic application. After applying the application to the same sample of students, they expressed their satisfaction and satisfaction with this application, and the impact of this use of this application in raising the educational level of the student in this subject The results show and reflect the good interest from students of this application.

The programming domain is a challenging field of study for most novice programmers. Novices have to learn different skills in the Programming 1 course at the same time. This study prepared and introduced a chatbot in the course. The chatbot emphasizes syntax and semantics, problem solving strategies, course details, and common programming syntax and semantics errors. The influence of the chatbot on students' learning in the Programming 1 course was determined by performing a survey and analyzing the final grades of the course. The survey results reveal that the chatbot approach was appreciated by both female and male students in the Programming 1 course. The chatbot helped novices in comprehending the fundamental programming concepts and understanding common syntax and semantic errors. The analysis of final grades shows that female students perform well in the medium and low achiever categories, and male students show better performance in the high achiever category.

Artificial intelligence is one of the most important programs that are used in all sectors of society. Accordingly, artificial intelligence has become required to help combat Covid 19. In the field of education, artificial intelligence has become the ideal alternative to study and complementary to distance study. This research provides a summary of the types of artificial intelligence, its benefits, drawbacks, and the field of its uses. This paper will present the importance of using intelligence Artificial intelligence in the field of education specifically and its importance in expanding students’ awareness in the case of distance study.

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