AIM: To investigate the potential protective effects of melatonin on the chronic radiation emitted by third generation mobile phones on the brain. MATERIAL and METHODS: A total of 24 male Wistar albino rats were divided into four equal groups. Throughout a 90-day experiment, no application was performed on the control group. The second group was exposed to 2100 MHz radiation for 30 minutes. Subcutaneous melatonin was injected into the third group. Subcutaneous melatonin injection was applied 40 minutes before radiation and then the fourth group was exposed to radiation for 30 minutes. At the end of the experiment, brain (cerebrum and cerebellum) tissues were taken from the subjects. Histochemical, immunohistochemical, ultrastructural and western blot analyses were applied. In addition to brain weight, Purkinje cells' number, immunohistochemical H Score analyses and the results of the Western blot were examined statistically. RESULTS: With the application of radiation, neuronal edema, relatively-decreased numbers of neurons on hippocampal CA1 and CA3 regions, displacement of the Purkinje neurons and dark neurons findings were observed as a result of histochemical stainings. Radiation also activated the NMDA-receptor 2B/Calpain-1/Caspase-12 pathway, NMDA-receptor 2B and Calpain-1 with the findings being supported by western blot analyses. Pre-increased protein synthesis before apoptosis was identified by electron microscopy. CONCLUSION: Mobile phone radiation caused certain (ultra) structural changes on the brain and activated the NMDA-receptor 2B/ Calpain-1/Caspase-12 pathway; in addition, melatonin was found to be effective, but insufficient in demonstrating the protective effects.

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ÖzetAmaç: Çalışmamızda cep telefonu radyasyonuna kronik etkin kalmanın testis dokusu üzerinde meydana getireceği değişimler ve melatonin kullanımının olası koruyucu etkisinin ışık mikroskobik düzeyde incelenmesi amaçlandı. Yöntemler: 24 adet Wistar albino cinsi erkek sıçan 4 gruba ayrılarak 90 günlük deney süresince; kontrol grubuna hiçbir uygulama yapılmazken, 2. gruba her gün 30 dk 2100 MHz radyasyon uygulaması, 3. gruba her gün derialtı melatonin uygulaması, 4. gruba ise radyasyon uygulamasından 40 dk önce derialtı melatonin ve sonrasında 30 dk radyasyon uygulaması yapıldı. Deney bitiminde yüksek doz anestezi altında feda edilen deneklerden testis dokuları alındı, ağırlıkları ölçülerek ışık mikroskobik izleme yöntemlerinden geçirildi. Örneklere yapısal değişimleri incelemek amacıyla Hematoksilen Eozin, bazal membran kalınlığının değerlendirilmesi amacıyla da PAS boyamaları yapıldı; germinal epitel kalınlığı ve seminifer tübül çapı ile bazal membran kalınlığı ölçülerek istatistiksel analizler yapıldı. Bulgular: Radyasyon uygulaması ile birlikte seminifer tübüllerde düzenli yapının bozulduğu ve seminifer epitel hücreleri arasında ödem oluştuğu izlendi. Radyasyon ve melatonin uygulanan grupta seminifer tübül yapısının radyasyon grubuna karşı oldukça korunduğu dikkati çekti. Tüm gruplarda testis ağırlığında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir farklılık saptanmazken, radyasyon uygulanan grupta bazal membranın daha kalın olduğu, germinal epitel kalınlığının azaldığı, seminifer tübül çapının ise arttığı istatistiksel olarak belirlendi. Sonuç: Sonuç olarak yüksek doz cep telefonu radyasyonunun testis histolojik yapısına, özellikle spermatogenezis ve spermiyogenezis düzeyinde etkili olduğu belirlenirken, melatoninin koruyucu özellik gösterdiği kanısına varıldı.

Objective: In this study, our aim is to investigate the possible protective effects of melatonin on potential damage caused by 2600 MHz radiofrequency (RF) radiation exposure on epididymis.Materials and Methods: 36 Wistar Albino male rats were divided into six groups. Group 1: Control, Group 2: Sham Control (mirror of RF exposure), Group 3: Sham Melatonin (mirror of RF exposure and melatonin injection), Group 4: Melatonin (melatonin injection), Group 5: RF (2600 MHz RF exposure), Group 6: RF and Melatonin (2600 MHz RF exposure and melatonin injection). During the experiment, body weights were measured and at the end of the 30-day experimental period, epididymis tissues were collected and examined with Hematoxylin-Eosin.Results: Epididymis was distinguished in normal histological appearance in the Control, Sham Control, Sham Melatonin and Melatonin groups. In the RF group, some structural degenerations were observed such as irregular tubule profile, deterioration and vacuolization in epithelium, loss of stereocilia, seperation in lateral and basal junctions of epithelium and immature sperm formation. In the RF and Melatonin group, the general histological appearance was found to be similar to the control groups except for some continuing degenerations. Conclusion:Taken together, 2600 MHz RF radiation exposure caused some structural degenerations on epididymis and melatonin administration provided therapeutic effects on these degenerations.

Transformers present the most common source of exposure to excessive extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields (MFs). A transformer is an electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction. Nowadays, the effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic (EM) fields on health were discussed frequently, but there is few measurement studies performed around various transformers for workers. In this study, the leakage fields around transformers and enclosures site were measured in Ankara and evaluated in terms of standards. It was observed that people were exposed to ELF-MFs above International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) cancer limits. Workers reported health complaints such as being tired in most working hours, immunological complaints, dizziness, some cancer cases are also observed there. In these systems areas safe distances or areas for people should be realized and precautions should therefore be taken to minimize the fields exposed.

ÖZETAmaç: Çalışmamızda cep telefonu radyasyonuna kronik maruziyetin ovaryum dokusu üzerinde meydana getireceği değişimler ve melatonin kullanımının bu değişimler üzerindeki olası koruyucu etkisinin ışık mikroskobik düzeyde incelenmesi amaçlandı. Yöntem: 24 adet Wistar albino cinsi dişi sıçan 4 gruba ayrılarak 90 günlük deney süresince; kontrol grubuna hiçbir uygulama yapılmazken, 2. gruba her gün 30 dk 2100 MHz radyasyon uygulaması, 3. gruba her gün subkutan melatonin uygulaması, 4. gruba ise radyasyon uygulamasından 40 dk önce subkutan melatonin ve sonrasında 30 dk radyasyon uygulaması yapıldı.Deney bitiminde değerlendirme için ovaryum dokusundan alınan kesitlere Hematoksilen-Eozin, TUNEL, PCNA boyaları uygulandı ve ışık mikroskobunda resimlendirildi. Yapılan PAS boyamalarında zona pellusida kalınlıkları ölçüldü. Ayrıca her kesitten folikül sayımı yapılarak, değişkenler istatistiksel olarak değerlendirildi. Bulgular: Hematoksilen-Eozin boyama ile yapılan incelemelerde radyasyon grubunda atreziye giden foliküllerin arttığı ve zona pellusida'nın yer yer kalın yer yer ince düzenlenim gösterdiği dikkati çekti. Radyasyon+Melatonin grubunda atreziye giden folikül sayısının azaldığı belirlendi. Bu bulgu, TUNEL ile desteklendi. PCNA immün boyamasında primordiyal, gelişen foliküller ve korpus luteum'da tutulumun kontrol grubuna karşın daha az sayıda hücrede olduğu izlendi. Sonuç: Sonuç olarak, melatonin enjeksiyonunun uygulanan melatoninin dozu ya da uygulama süresine bağlı olarak radyasyonun neden olduğu yapısal dejenerasyonları kısmen engelleyebileceği kanısına varılmıştır. ABSTRACT Objective: We aim to investigate the possible protective effects of melatonin on ovary in the case of mobile phone radiation exposure by using light microscopic examinations. Methods: Twenty-four female Wistar albino rats were divided into 4 equal groups. Throughout in 90-day experiment, there was no application performed to control group. The second group was exposed to 2100 MHz radiation for 30 minutes. Subcutaneous melatonin was enjected to the third group. Subcutaneous melatonin enjection was applied 40 minutes before radiation and then radiation was exposed for 30 minutes to the fourth group. At the end of the experiment, ovary tissues were stained by HematoxylinEosin, TUNEL, PCNA and sections were photographed under light microscope. Zona pellusida thickness were measured in PAS stainings. Moreover, number of follicles were counted and all data were statistically analysed.Results: The number of atretic follicles were increased and zona pellucida were seen in thick and thin formations in radiation group according to Hematoxylin-Eosine staining. Atretic follicles were decreased in Radiation+Melatonin group, this finding was also supported by TUNEL. In PCNA immunstaining; the immunreactivity was seen in fewer cells compared to control group through primordial follicles, developing follicles and corpus luteum. Conclusion: In conclusion it was thought that melatonin injection could partially inhibited the structural degenerations caused b...

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