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The importance of tissue engineering has been established as a promising approach in treating neurodegenerative diseases. The purpose of the current study is to determine the effect of fibrin hydrogel on the differentiation of iPSC into oligodendrocyte. For this purpose, iPSCs transduced by miR‐338 expressing lentiviruses. They were treated with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), and platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF)‐AA. The process was traced by a 6‐day treatment in a mitogen‐free medium. At the end of the process, multipolar preoligodendrocytes appeared. In comparison to tissue culture plate (TCP), MTT assay demonstrated a significant increase in the viability of cells cultured in fibrin hydrogel. SEM analysis showed cells with elongated morphology and intertwined intercellular interactions. An immunofluorescent assay confirmed the expression of oligodendrocyte markers Olig2 and O4. In comparison to TCP, real‐time PCR data indicated a significant increase in the expression of some markers such as Olig2, MBP, Sox10, and PDGFRα on cells encapsulated in fibrin hydrogel. Overall, the results suggest that fibrin hydrogel improves viability of cells and promotes the differentiation of iPSCs into preoligodendrocytes. Hence, it can be used as an appropriate option in the tissue engineering in order to treat neurodegenerative diseases. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 108B:192–200, 2020.

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In our previous study, a three‐dimensional gelatin/bioactive glass nanocomposite scaffold with a total porosity of about 85% and pore sizes ranging from 200 to 500 μm was prepared through layer solvent casting combined with lamination technique. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro biocompatibility and in vivo bone regeneration potential of these scaffolds with and without endothelial cells when implanted into a critical‐sized rat calvarial defect. MTT assay, SEM observation, and DAPI staining were used to evaluate cell viability and adhesion in macroporous scaffolds and results demonstrated that the scaffolds were biocompatible enough to support cell attachment and proliferation. To investigate the in vivo osteogenesis of the scaffold, blank scaffolds and endothelial/scaffold constructs were implanted in critical‐sized defects, whereas in control group defects were left untreated. Bone regeneration and vascularization were evaluated at 1, 4, and 12 weeks postsurgery by histological, immunohistochemical, and histomorphometric analysis. It was shown that both groups facilitated bone growth into the defect area but improved bone regeneration was seen with the incorporation of endothelial cells. The data showed that the porous Gel/BaG nanocomposite scaffolds could well support new bone formation, indicating that the proposed strategy is a promising alternative for tissue‐engineered bone defects.

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MicroRNAs (miRNAs) control gene expression at the posttranscriptional level and have a critical role in many biological processes such as oligodendrocyte differentiation. Recent studies have shown that microRNA 338 (miR-338) is overexpressed during the oligodendrocyte development process in the central nervous system; this finding indicates a potentially important role for miR-338 in oligodendrocyte development. To evaluate this assumption, we studied the effect of miR-338 overexpression on promoting the differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC), into preoligodendrocyte. hiPSCs were differentiated into OPCs after treating for 16 days with basic fibroblast growth factor (BFGF), epidermal growth factor (FGF), and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-AA.Bipolar OPCs appeared and the expression of OPC-related markers, including Nestin, Olig2, Sox10, PDGFRα, and A2B5 was confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunofluorescence. Then, OPCs were transduced by miR-338 expressing lentivirus or were treated with triiodothyronine (T3) for 6 days. Data obtained from real-time PCR and immunofluorescence experiment indicated that preoligodendrocyte markers such as Sox10, O4, and MBP were expressed at higher levels in transduced cells with miR-338 in comparison with the T3 group. So, the overexpression of miR-338 in iPSCderived OPCs can promote their differentiation into preoligodendrocyte which can be used in cell therapy of myelin-related diseases. K E Y W O R D S differentiation, induced pluripotent stem cells, microRNA 338, oligodendrocyte J Cell Biochem. 2019;120:9700-9708. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/jcb | 9707