Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a significant zoonosis, and is endemic in some parts of the world including Iran. Hydatid cyst in Iran has been studied from different aspects and has been reported from most parts of the country. But there is no comprehensive report on the appearance of pollution in the country. This study was conducted to investigate the approximate status of infection from 1985 to 2019. In this review article, various reports on hydatid cysts were collected from 1985 to 2019. According to three criteria, i.e. the rate of infection of dogs with adult worms, the rate of infection of livestock, and the rate of infection of humans with hydatid cysts, the articles were summarized and presented to approximate the status of infection in Iran. In this study, the average infection among 11593 dogs was estimated to be 11.28%. In the case of livestock, according to this review, the maximum infection of sheep was in Ardebil with 74.4%, goats and cattle were in Sari with 37.8% and 40.1%, camels in Khorasan Razavi with 40.40%, and Tabriz had the highest amount of infection in buffaloes. Out of 70907 people tested, the summary of seroepidemiological studies shows that the average infection in humans is 5.57%. The information obtained from this review article shows that despite the efforts of health organizations and veterinary organizations, the rate of infection in Iran is still high compared to some countries.
Nowadays, parasitic worm infection is one of the most critical global health problems. Worm infections cause severe detriments to the livestock industry and also it can cause irreparable damages to immunocompromised persons. Therefore, the present study aimed to review conducted research on the treatment of worm diseases using medicinal plants’ extract. In this systematic review, seven databases including 4 English (Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar) and 3 Persian databases (Magiran, ISC, SID) were obtained between 2008 and 2020 to evaluate conducted studies related to the aim of the current review. Most of the studies focused on the Balanites aegyptiaca and Carica papaya plant. Water was the most common solvent (38.1%) and then it was methanol. The most studied parasite was Haemonchus contortus (35.5%), followed by Aacharidia galli (10.5%). Studies showed that plant extracts could reduce effect of worm infections in the host compared to synthetic drugs. Plant extracts can produce a medicine based on natural compounds and effective on worms with fewer side effects than synthetic drugs.
Dirofilariasis is a metazoonoses transmitted by certain mosquito genera (Culicidae: Diptera). Chiefly canids are the reservoirs of Dirofilaria spp. This article analyzed all published records and researches relevant to Dirofilaria in Iran, to provide a basis for future studies in Iran and around the world. All of the important data from human and animal cases that included the pathogen and its reservoir, dispersion, and retrospective studies were investigated and analyzed. Furthermore, the natural history of parasites, pathogenicity, diagnosis, treatment, control, and the final status of the disease in the world was briefly mentioned. Two species of the genus Dirofilaria, Dirofilaria immitis (canine heartworm) and Dirofilaria repens, are detected in Iran. Till now, 13 human cases have been formally reported including seven subcutaneous and three ocular cases of D. repens, a four cases of D. immitis, including a rare case in testicular hydrocele, one ocular and one pre-ocular, a subconjunctival and two pulmonary cases suspected to be D. immitis. Animal and human infections have been recorded in 11 provinces of Iran. Different investigators have reported D. immitis in dogs (with the frequency of 0.95–62.8%), jackals (2.5 57.4%), foxes (5.7–50%), wolves (20–50%), and cats (0.8%) and D. repens in dogs (1.4–60.8%) and jackals (10%) in different areas of the country. The reports on Dirofilaria in Iran are to some extent scattered as regarded to distribution and other features of the disease. More studies should be taken in dirofilariasis in Iran, specifically in regions from where there are no reports.
Objective: Healing of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis relies on the effective and modulates protective immune responses. Although the immune system is necessary to eliminate the parasite, it could be considered as the main cause of ulcers. Therefore, main aim of this study was to explore the possible regulatory functions of macrophage supernatant infected with Leishmania major on the fibroblast cells. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, different concentrations of infected macrophage supernatant extract (50, 100, 150, 200, and 250μg/mL) were tested at different times (6, 24, 48, and 72h) and the effect of the leishmanicidal extract on fibroblast cells was determined by MTS assay. Also, the flow-cytometry technique was used for the investigation of apoptosis induction percentage. Results: MTS assay showed that the leishmanicidal effect of infected macrophage supernatant extract was dependent on the concentration and the time of treatment. So, the best efficacy was observed in 200 μg/mL with 72 hours exposure time. Flow cytometry analysis showed that the infected macrophage supernatant extract could induce apoptosis in cultured fibroblasts. Conclusions: We have demonstrated that reduction of survival rate and induction of apoptosis in fibroblasts displayed a similar manner to keratinocytes when exposed to infected macrophages with L. major. Our data suggest that such a phenomenon can be the underlying cause of lesions with scarring, and future, the mechanism remains to be elucidated.
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