Allelopathy has become a paramount tool for controlling weeds in crop plants without deteriorating the environment. Allelopathic effects of sorghum aqueous extracts and sorghum powder on a single cross maize (Zea mays L.) hybrid “HC-8080” and a summer weed, jungle rice (Echinochloa colona L.) were assessed in the research laboratory of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KPK, Pakistan. The treatments included: T1: control (untreated check), T2: sorghum aqueous extract at a rate of 5 mL kg-1 soil, T3: sorghum aqueous extract at a rate of 10 mL kg-1 soil, T4: sorghum aqueous extract at a rate of 15 mL kg-1 soil, T5: sorghum powder at a rate of 5 g kg-1 soil, T6: sorghum powder at a rate of 10 g kg-1 soil and T7: sorghum powder at a rate of 15 g kg-1 soil. The results unveiled that sorghum aqueous extract at a rate of 15 mL kg-1 soil was the most deleterious treatment which reduced the germination percentage (GP) in maize and E. colona by 23.57% and 47.03%, germination index (GI) by 22.30% and 42.14%, root length by 32.25% and 62.54% and shoot length by 23.22% and 62.76%, respectively over control. Similarly, 15 g kg-1 soil sorghum powder reduced the same parameters respectively by 18.85% and 41.09%, 15% and 33.53%, 9.3% and 54.69% and 15.88% and 45.34% in maize and E. colona, respectively and stood better than other powder treatments. Therefore it is concluded that sorghum extracts and powder can both be used to control weeds efficiently but their deleterious effect on the corresponding crop should also be an important consideration.
310 serum samples collected for women audits to Kirkuk General Hospital in Kirkuk city suspected of toxoplasmosis(TOXO), Cytomegalovirus(CMV), Rubella virus(RV) and Herpes virus II (HSV). It has been in the current study using Elisa test 50 samples to diagnose women with toxoplasmosis and a rate of 16.13% and 3 sample of women with Rubella virus at a rate of 0.97%, while the herpes simplex virus, including one sample at a rate of 0.32% , while the number of Cytomegalovirus samples was one at the rate of 5.48% and for the common infection was the number of the common virus samples (Rubella and Cytomegalovirus) 153 sample and a rate of 49.35% and (parasite Toxoplasma gondii and Rubella virus and Cytomegalovirus) was 10 sample at a rate 3.23%. The highest percentage of infection toxoplasmosis and Cytomegalovirus virus in 66-52y. the age group at a rate 48.57% and 22.8%, respectively. While the highest percentage of infection rubella virus in 96-62 y. of age group at a rate 1.55% and in herpes simplex virus ratio was 0.68% in the age group 15-25y. while the shared infection for (Toxo, RV, CMV) and (RV, CMV) recorded in the age group 66-52y and infection by 8.57% and 65.71%, respectively.
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