This study is experimental investigation of the tribological and thermal properties of aluminium and aluminium oxide nano particles immersed in engine lubricating oil. SAE20W40SL oil was used as base oil in which aluminium and aluminium oxide nano particles in size of 50 nm at the concentration of 0.2% and 0.1% were disseminated. Ultrasonic bath was used for the dispersal of the nano particles in the base oil. Pin-On-Disk apparatus was used for the measurement of the frictional force and wear rate of the lubricant. The results indicated a reduction in frictional force by 52% and 28% by aluminium and aluminium oxide nano lubricants at 0.2% concentration. The thermal conductivity test result showed an increase in thermal conductivity by 4.8% and 2.3% while using aluminium and aluminium oxide lubricants at 0.2% concentration. A reduction in the wear rate and viscosity of the lubricants was also seen while using nano particles.
In the modern agriculture cultivation field, hydroponics, aeroponics, and aquaponics technologies are currently playing an important role in growing vegetables, fruits, and crops without using soil. These have been used for high productivity, minimum usage of water resources, and compatibility of farming in every place. In this chapter, the authors cover the implementation procedures of hydroponics, aeroponics, and aquaponics technologies in the real world; various inert and artificial mediums, possible types of plants; cultivating methods; technological advancements and application of the internet of things (IOT); and pros and cons for implementations. The various cultivation methods are compared to conventional methods (soil-based cultivation) based on their technology advancements, environmental impacts, yields, and costs.
Improving machining performance with reduced power consumption is a big challenge for the manufacturer to reduce production cost. Since the dead metal zone (DMZ) directly affects the cutting forces, the present study aims to optimize the DMZ to reduce the cutting and thrust forces in the micro-milling of hardened AISI D2 steel using teaching-learning-based optimization technique (TLBO). Finite element model for DMZ geometry and mechanistic models for cutting and thrust forces are developed, integrated and estimated the cutting and thrust forces. The estimated forces are compared with experimental results and a good agreement found between them. In the next stage, process parameters (cutting speed and feed per tooth) and tool parameters (nose radius and rake angle) are optimized using TLBO technique to minimize DMZ geometry keeping the surface roughness (≤ 2 µm), tool wear (≤ 30 µm) and amplitude of cutter vibration (≤ 30 µm) as constraints. The optimal working condition is as follows: a spindle speed of 2225 rpm, a feed per tooth of 5.0 µm, and a nose radius of 7.6 µm and rake angle of 3.0°. Under the optimal working condition, side length of DMZ and DMZ angle is found as 13.8 mm and 5.74°, respectively, and the cutting and thrust forces are estimated as 3.27 and 2.37 N, respectively. These cutting and thrust forces are about 21.3-65.7 and 34.8-55.3%, respectively, less than the experimental results.
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