In this study a novel method was implemented and investigated in order to destroy cancer cells inside the mouse body on a clinical level. In the case of in-vitro study, MTT assay was employed to discover an effective dose of applied plasma and distinguish the plasma effect in direct and in indirect treatments. Tumor growth was also measured in in-vivo section so that the effectiveness of direct and indirect treatments could be compared. Furthermore, an investigation was conducted to study the interferences between a conventional method (chemotherapy) and plasma treatment so as to increase the effectiveness of treatment inside the body. Hematoxylin and Eosin, Flow Cytometry, TUNEL and Western Blot assay were used to investigate any cell alteration and the impact of various treatment methods on cancer cell and amount of their apoptosis and protein levels. Radiology and CT scan images were taken to determine the final tumor volume. The results showed a significant cell death and substantial reduction in tumor growth in direct plasma treatment in comparison with indirect plasma treatment. Eventually, dramatic destruction of cancer cells was observed while using of indirect plasma-chemotherapy combination, thus introducing an effective method for deep tissue tumors can be introduced.

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Lévy Flights are paradigmatic generalised random walk processes, in which the independent stationary increments-the "jump lengths"-are drawn from an α-stable jump length distribution with long-tailed, power-law asymptote. As a result, the variance of Lévy Flights diverges and the trajectory is characterised by occasional extremely long jumps. Such long jumps significantly decrease the probability to revisit previous points of visitation, rendering Lévy Flights efficient search processes in one and two dimensions. To further quantify their precise property as random search strategies we here study the first-passage time properties of Lévy Flights in one-dimensional semi-infinite and bounded domains for symmetric and asymmetric jump length distributions. To obtain the full probability density function of firstpassage times for these cases we employ two complementary methods. One approach is based on the space-fractional diffusion equation for the probability density function, from which the survival probability is obtained for different values of the stable index α and the skewness (asymmetry) parameter β. The other approach is based on the stochastic Langevin equation with α-stable driving noise. Both methods have their advantages and disadvantages for explicit calculations and numerical evaluation, and the complementary approach involving both methods will be profitable for concrete applications. We also make use of the Skorokhod theorem for processes with independent increments and demonstrate that the numerical results are in good agreement with the analytical expressions for the probability density function of the first-passage times.∞ 0 t℘(t)dt can capture some aspects of this dynamics, ‡ the full information encoded in ℘(t) provides significant additional insight [114,115,116]. Here we study the first-passage properties for a general class of α-stable Lévy laws. We go beyond previous approaches [113,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128] focusing on symmetric and one-sided α-stable relocation distributions and consider α-stable laws with arbitrary asymmetry in semi-infinite and bounded domains. Our approach is based on the convenient formulation of LFs in terms of the space-fractional diffusion equation. We derive these integro-differential equations for LFs based on general asymmetric α-stable distributions of relocation lengths in finite domains, and thus go beyond studies of the exit time and escape probability in bounded domain for symmetric LFs [129,130,131]. An important aspect of this study is that we complement our results with numerical analyses of the (stochastic) Langevin equation for LFs and show how both approaches complement each other.The paper is organised as follows. In section 2 we define Lévy stable laws and the associated fractional diffusion equation. In section 3 we set up our numerical model for the fractional diffusion equation and the associated Langevin equation. Moreover, a comparison between the numerical method and α-stable distributions for symmetric and asymmetric den...

According to high incidence and prevalence of pressure ulcers worldwide, the purpose of this study is using of non-thermal atmospheric plasma as a novel therapy for pressure ulcers. Cold plasma was produced by applying a high-voltage (5 kV) and high-frequency (25 kHz), to helium gas. Under general anesthesia and sterile conditions, two circular magnets were used to create pressure ulcers on the dorsal skin of adult rats. The wounds were divided randomly into control and plasma-treated groups. Animals in the plasma-treated group received plasma radiation for 5 days, each day 3 times and every time 60 s. Mechanical assays were performed to determine plasma effects on the mechanical strength of the repaired tissue. The results showed that mechanical strength of repaired wound in the plasma-treated group was significantly higher than that in the control group (p < 0.05). In addition, evidence from histological studies indicates a significantly accelerated wound re-epithelialization in comparison with the control group; angiogenesis and fibrosis (collagen synthesis) were also significantly increased and the inflammation phase of wound healing was shorter in the plasma-treated group. The plasma treatment also resulted in significant wound contraction and acceleration of wound healing. The findings of present study indicate the effects of cold plasma on pressure ulcer treatment.

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