Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP)is a gastrointestinal hormone involved in the regulation of insulin secretion. In non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus insulin responses to GIP are blunted, possibly due to altered signal transduction or reduced receptor number. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to construct truncated GIP receptors to study the importance of the carboxyl-terminal tail (CT) in binding, signaling, and receptor internalization. Receptors truncated at amino acids 425, 418, and 405, expressed in COS-7 or CHO-K1 cells, exhibited similar binding to wild type receptors. GIP-dependent cAMP production with the 405 mutant was decreased in COS-7 cells. Maximal cAMP production in CHO-K1 cells was reduced with all truncated forms. Binding was undetectable with a receptor truncated at amino acid 400; increasing tail length by adding 5 alanines restored binding and signaling. Mutants produced by alanine scanning of residues 394 -401, adjacent to transmembrane domain 7, were all functional. CT truncation by 30 or more amino acids, mutation of serines 426/427, singly or combined, or complete CT serine knockout all reduced receptor internalization rate. The majority of the GIP receptor CT is therefore not required for signaling, a minimum chain length of ϳ405 amino acids is needed for receptor expression, and serines 426 and 427 are important for regulating rate of receptor internalization.Incretins are peptide hormones released from the gastrointestinal tract into the circulation in response to a meal that potentiate glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. There are two established incretins: gastric inhibitory polypeptide/glucosedependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) 1 and the truncated forms of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). In non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), the incretin effect following oral glucose is reduced or absent (1, 2), and the insulin response to intravenously administered GIP, but not GLP-1, has been reported to be severely blunted (2, 3). Possible explanations for a decreased responsiveness to GIP include a defective signal-transduction system and a reduction in the number of functional pancreatic islet receptors due to altered expression, mutation, or degree of desensitization and/or internalization. To elucidate which of these could be involved in reduced responsiveness, it is necessary to develop a greater understanding of the functional roles played by the different structural components of the GIP receptor. The receptor for GIP (4 -6) is a member of the seven transmembrane G-protein-coupled secretin-vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) family, which includes the receptors for glucagon (7), glucagon-like peptide-1 (8), secretin (9), VIP (10), parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTH/PTH-RP) (11), and calcitonin (12). The GIP receptor has been shown to stimulate adenylyl cyclase in pancreatic islet ␣-and -cells (13), islet tumor cells (14 -16), and cell lines transfected with pancreatic GIP receptor cDNAs (4 -6). However little is kn...
In this communication we report on the effects of serial passage of human umbilical vein endothelial cells on the levels of GSH and activities of selenium-dependent GSH peroxidase (SeGSHpx) and GSSG reductase (GSSGred) in confluent monolayers of human umbilical vein endothelial cells derived from 4 individual donors. The mean levels of GSH in confluent monolayers of individual human umbilical vein endothelial cells batches fell from an average of 35 nmol/mg protein to 16 nmol/mg protein from primary culture to the third passage, with little interindividual variation noted. Simultaneously, the mean activities of SeGSHpx and GSSGred remained unaltered during serial culture, again with little interindividual variation noted. However, serial passage of the cells from different individuals did not affect the sensitivity of the cells to sublethal injury induced by H2O2 (10 or 100 microM), as judged by the stimulated release of (3H)-deoxyglucose. When these GSH-dependent parameters were assayed during the coarse of the growth of an individual passage of cells, GSH levels declined following trypsinisation, but the activities of SeGSHpx and GSSGred remained essentially unaltered, when the data were standardised to cell number. On the other hand, standardisation of these data to cell protein revealed decreases in all three parameters following trypsinisation, indicating the introduction of artefacts into the data and the unsuitability of this standardisation procedure. For the first four hours following plating, all of the GSH-dependent parameters remained essentially unaltered, but began increasing thereafter.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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