The field isolates of Trypanosoma evansi was collected from the infected cattle and it was propagated in rats. Trypanosoma evansi parasites were separated from the blood of infected rats by using diethylaminoethyl cellulose column chromatography. Whole cell lysate antigen (WCL) was prepared from purified trypanosomes by ultrasonication and centrifugation. The prepared WCL antigen was further purified by 50 % ammonium sulphate precipitation. Protein concentration of WCL antigen of T. evansi was 60 mg/ml. Protein concentration was adjusted to 1.0 mg/ml in PBS, pH 8.0 and stored at -20 0 C. Polypeptide profiles of WCL antigen of T. evansi was determined by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A total of eight polypeptide bands of the size ranging from 25 to 85 kDa in WCL antigen of T. evansi were obtained. Five prominent bands with molecular weight of 74, 60, 53, 42 and 37 kDa and three light bands with molecular weight of 85, 34 and 25 kDa were observed.
Application of nanoscale materials
in agriculture for various reasons,
including plant nutrition, has been an interesting multidisciplinary
research component. Among the plant nutrients, silica plays an important
role as a quasi-essential nutrient besides enhancing resistance against
disease and pests in the plant system. In the present investigation,
we report the effects of foliar spray (field experiment) of varied
concentrations (250, 500, and 750 ppm) of nanoscale silica (NSiO2) and osic acid (350, 700, and 1050 ppm) on structural and
biochemical processes and yield in chilli (Capsicum
annuum L.). NSiO2 was prepared using the
sol–gel method and characterized by UV–vis spectroscopy,
dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
(FT-IR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The DLS analysis
revealed the size (26.2 nm) and ζ-potential (−43.6 mV)
of NSiO2. Significant increases in plant height, chlorophyll
content, carotenoids, lycopene, and superoxide dismutase enzymatic
activities were recorded with particulate NSiO2 foliar
application at 750 ppm. Further, we are the first to report that foliar
application of particulate NSiO2 led to the formation of
a silicic acid layer on epidermal cells in chilli. Hence, foliar application
of particulate nanoscale silica increases the flexural rigidity of
epidermal cells, the chlorophyll content, carotenoids, lycopene content,
and yield in chilli.
In recent years, foliar applications of nanoparticles
are increasingly
being employed in agricultural fields as fertilizers to enhance crop
yields. However, limited studies are available on the foliar uptake
of nanoscale nutrients and their interaction with plants. In this
study, we reported the effects of foliar spray with varied concentrations
of nanoscale silica (N-SiO2) and bulk tetraethyl orthosilicate
(TEOS at 2000 ppm) on the growth and yield of groundnut. Nanosilica
was prepared by a sol–gel method and characterized by transmission
electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and X-ray diffraction.
The size and zeta potential of N-SiO2 were found to be
28.7 nm and 32 mV, respectively. The plant height, number of branches,
total dry weight, SPAD chlorophyll meter reading, photosynthetic rate,
water use efficiency, number of nodules, and ascorbic acid content
were increased significantly with the N-SiO2 foliar application
at 400 ppm over control. The number of filled pods increased significantly
by 38.78 and 58.60% with N-SiO2 at 400 ppm application
over TEOS and control, respectively. The pod yield per plant in N-SiO2 at 400 ppm increased by 25.52 and 31.7% higher over TEOS
and control, respectively. Antioxidant enzyme activities enhanced
significantly in N-SiO2 at 200 and 400 ppm over control,
indicating a stimulatory effect on the plant growth. In addition,
confocal microscopy revealed that fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-N-SiO2 entered through stomata and then transported to vascular
bundles via apoplastic movement. Our study for the first time demonstrated
that N-SiO2 can significantly modulate multiple complex
traits in groundnut through an eco-friendly and sustainable approach.
In a screening trial, 98 genotypes and cultivars were tested under field conditions. Among the 50 NBPGR lines, 20 AICRIP genotypes, 5 IIHR genotypes and 23 cultivars and hybrids, EC-514117, EC-514190, LE-23, LE-30, Arka Vikas, Akra Abhaya and Akra Saurabh were found resistant to GBNV-To.
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