Do children who practice bullying have more sleep disturbances than those who do not practice bullying? The research questions for this study were 1) Are there are differences in sleep quality between aggressors and non-aggressors and between victims and non-victims? 2)Do aggressors have higher SDI than non-aggressors? 3)What are the sleep characteristics in aggressors, non-aggressors, victims and nonvictims? The purpose of the study was to analyse whether school-aged children who practice bullying have worse sleep quality than those who do not practice it and to identify the characteristics of dysfunctional sleep for aggressors? The research method was a cross-sectional study focusing on quantitative methodology. We analysed and compared the results of two questionnaires: bullying, aggressiveness among children with n= 1109, answered by the children and the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ), with n= 883, answered by the parents. A convenience sample of 8 state and private schools in Portugal was worked upon. The SDI of aggressors is not significantly different from the SDI of non-aggressors. In the 33 CSHQ items, in seven the aggressors manifest significant differences: they go to bed at the same time less often, "fight" going to bed, sleep poorly, wet the bed more often, have a more agitated sleep, wake up with nightmares and are grumpier. There are no differences between the two groups, as both have high SDI. In the aggressors, the SDI is accentuated in relation to non-aggressors with regard to the following: more difficulty in going to bed at the same time, fight more at bedtime, sleep less, wet the bed, have more agitated sleep, wake up with nightmares more and wake up grumpy.
IntroductionStimuli that are relevant to our survival, especially those that signal the presence of a threat in the environment (e.g., threatening faces), automatically attract our attention.ObjectiveThe same may be true for faces displaying subtle disease cues as they may signal danger of potential contamination and, hence, disease-avoidance behaviour, which was the focus of the present research.AimThe present study investigated, for the first time to our knowledge, whether faces with disease cues (DF), compared to control stimuli (faces without such cues) (CF), interfered with the participants’ performance in a letter discrimination task.MethodEighty-six (44 women) university students volunteered to participate in a letter discrimination task where 240 DF and 240 CF were presented.ResultsThe results confirmed our hypothesis by showing that for DF, compared to CF, participants took longer to discriminate the target letters. Moreover, the results from a further rating task showed that DF, compared to CF, were rated as significantly more disgusting and associated with disease, thus confirming our experimental manipulation and suggesting that disgust may be driving automatic attention to DF.ConclusionsOur findings provide important insights on the possible influence of exogenous attention to disease cues in social avoidance behaviour, which may have relevant implications in clinical disorders with disgust at its core.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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