The mycotoxins diacetoxyscirpenol, deoxynivalenol, and zearalenone, produced by Fusarium roseum, were found naturally occurring in mixed feed samples. In all cases analyzed, deoxynivalenol occurred together with zearalenone. The natural occurrence of zearalenone in sesame seed is reported for the first time. Strains of F. roseum isolated in various parts of the world from feed implicated in animal mycotoxicosis produced monoacetoxyscirpenol, diacetoxyscirpenol, deoxynivalenol, and zearalenone.
A versatile method for the detection of zearalenone is described, employing options of either thin layer chromatography (TLC), gas-liquid chromatography (GLC), ultraviolet chromatography, GLC-mass spectrometry, or combinations of all of these. Zearalenone is extracted with either a Soxhlet apparatus or the more rapid and convenient batch extraction technique with equal efficiency. Cleanup of the extract involves either a base (NaOH) treatment and partition with water or an acetonitrile- petroleum ether partition. A chloroformethanol (97+3) solvent system is used for analysis by TLC with confirmation by fluorescent properties. The limit of detection on the TLC plate is 0.1 μg, while the sensitivity for the TLC method is about 50 ppb. Best quantitative results are obtained by analytical procedures involving GLC. The limit of sensitivity by GLC is less than 50 ppb. The derivatives dimethoxyzearalenone and methyl oxime-di- TMS-ether-zearalenone are prepared to confirm the presence of zearalenone. Zearalenone can also be analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. For quantitation, a standard curve is constructed of the absorption at 274 nm. The limit of detection is between 0.1 and 0.5 μg/ml. Analysis by combination GLC and mass spectroscopy is also described along with analysis by multiple ion detection. Per cent recovery is 83.5±7. The method described is suitable for analysis of the concentrations of zearalenone normally encountered in nature and thought to be significant.
The cis and trans isomers of zearalenone [2,4-dihydroxy-6-(10-hydroxy-6-oxo-1-undecenyl)-benzoic acid yi-lactone] and zearalenol [2,4-dihydroxy-6-(6,10-dihydroxy-1-undecenyl)-benzoic acid ,u-lactone] were tested for uterotropic activity in the white rat. The metabolites were administered through the oral route (per os) and by topical application to the freshly shaven skin on the back. cis-Zearalenone was significantly more active than trans when fed orally to the rats in the diet or when applied topically by skin application. However, the cis isomer of zearalenol was not significantly different than its trans isomer. trans-Zearalenone was less active than trans-zearalenol.
Zearalenol, the reduction product of zearalenone produced by Fusarium roseum growing in cereals, was found for the first tixne naturally occurring in oats and corn. This metabolite is three to four times more active estrogenically than zearalenone.
The mycotoxins zearalenone (2.8 ,ug/g), deoxynivalenol (1.5 ,ug/g), and T-2 toxin (110 ng/g) have been found in the pith of corn stalks standing in the field. Such contaminated stalks may contribute to mycotoxicoses of farm animals.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.