Understanding of apoptosis or programmed cell death has provided the basis for novel therapeutics that has resulted in rationally designed anticancer strategies. Recently, inducers of apoptosis have been used in cancer therapy. In this work, we describe the role of chiral phthalimides functionalized with piperazines as potential apoptotic inducers. The listed twenty phthalimides were assessed for their in vitro apoptotic activity against testicular germ cells. All phthalimides showed a significant apoptotic response (∼39 to ∼68%). TUNEL assay and acridine orange fluorescence staining were carried out to investigate the molecular mechanisms responsible for the cell death. Phthalimides exhibited substantial apoptotic induction following the intrinsic pathway mechanism. Studies advocated that the apoptotic induction was mediated through caspase-9, caspase-3, JNK MAP kinase and tumor suppressor p53, which was accompanied by DNA fragmentation and nuclear condensation. Besides, the best five phthalimides regarding apoptotic action were evaluated for in vitro cytotoxic effects against CAL-72 and MCF-7 cancer cell lines. Compounds showed efficient killing of cancer cells. This discovery of functionalized phthalimides as apoptotic inducers would be highly valuable in understanding the mechanism of apoptosis at the molecular level and opens up new possibilities for therapeutic strategies.
The contemporary world is dealing with the rise of the novel coronavirus pandemic. Globally, as on 14 September 2020, there have been 28,918,900 confirmed cases of COVID-19, including 922,252 deaths, reported to WHO with the cases still on the rise. In India, as a preventive measure, complete lockdown was imposed all over the country from 25 th March, 2020 which has significantly reduced the vehicular movement. Bareilly was reported among the seven most air polluted cities of Uttar Pradesh where PM10 was almost four times the annual standard of 60 μg/m 3 averaging 226 μg/m 3 for the year 2015 and 2016.The city Bareilly of State Uttar Pradesh do not have too much of industries and therefore industries cannot be blamed. Alternatively, vehicular or construction emission sources could not be ruled out and it can be concluded that primary sources of air pollution could be either automobiles or incomplete construction work. The present study is focused on monitoring of air pollutants PM10, PM2.5, SO 2 and NO 2 , at Bareilly district of Uttar Pradesh and analyzed during the lockdown period due to pandemic COVID 19 from three monitoring stations. In the first week of lockdown, i.e. from 25th March 2020 to 31 st March 2020 the PM10 and PM2.5 concentration averaged 60μg/m 3 and 47 μg/m 3 respectively which is below the NAAQS average limits of 80μg/m 3 and 60μg/m 3 respectively. Whereas the concentrations of gaseous pollutants SO 2 and NO 2 was found to be much below the monthly NAAQS limits of 60 μg/m 3 averaging 21μg/m 3 and 15μg/m 3 respectively. In April 2020, the vehicular movement was minimum and the level of air pollutants, PM10, PM2.5, SO 2 and NO 2 , were found to be 54μg/m 3 , 41μg/m 3 , 19μg/m 3 and 14μg/m 3 respectively which is minimum in the six months of study from January 2020 to June 2020 and lowest in comparison to the air quality data of last 25 years.It can therefore be concluded that vehicular emissions contribute significantly for air pollution in Bareilly city.
Asymmetric reductive amination of carbonyl compounds was carried out using a novel class of aliphatic quarternary ammonium based chiral ionic liquid. S-(+)-2,3-dihydroxy-N,N,N-tributylpropanaminum bromide chiral ionic liquid has been synthesized, characterized and used for asymmetric reductive amination of carbonyl compounds in the presence of sodium borohydride. These preliminary results are encouraging and advocate dual role of novel ionic liquid as a medium and reducing agent for proficient conversion of ketones to amines, however, reductive amination reaction needs to be established for other substituents.
The increasing dependence on groundwater for domestic, irrigation, industrial and other purposes is giving adverse impact on the aquifers and environment of the area. The present study is focused on the physico-chemical analysis of groundwater quality of Tehsil Bah, located in Agra district of India. A total 84 samples of groundwater were collected from different locations throughout the area of the tehsil Bah. Total 16 test parameters were analyzed to assess the quality of groundwater by adopting methodology and techniques given in the American public health association (APHA), 2017. Total dissolved solids are not meeting the requirements of acceptable limit in all the locations as per Bureau of Indian standard IS 10500:2012. Total hardness, total alkalinity, chloride, calcium and magnesium values are also not met the requirements in most of the locations. Sodium and fluoride concentrations also exceed the prescribed limits of Indian standard in some places.
Groundwater is an important source for drinking, Agriculture, domestic and industrial purposes and makes about two third of the freshwater resource of the world. The quality and quantity of the groundwater is a serious concern for the India as eighteen percentage of world population live in India and just 4% of world fresh water availability in India. Quality of groundwater is a serious concern for mankind as it is directly linked to human health. Due to the rapid increase in the population in last four decades makes a big challenge to provide quality of water. Industrialization and other manmade activities are also contributing in decline trained of groundwater. The groundwater is being polluted with highly toxic contaminants such as arsenic, fluoride, nitrate, chloride, fluoride, lead and heavy metals. Fluoride and chloride were found as most common contaminants in Agra region. Fluoride and chloride are coming into the groundwater from deep underground rocks bearing fluorine and chlorine. Geological structure of rocks is also responsible for Fluoride and chloride pollution in the groundwater of the region. Major groundwater problems in Agra region are a significant decline in water level, an occurrence of fluoride, saline groundwater in a deeper zone, less groundwater recharge and more surface runoff of monsoon rainfall. The comparison of analyzed ground water samples with the WHO, APHA standards are presented. The study was concluded by over exploitation of groundwater for the drinking, domestic, irrigation purposes and the leaching of industrial wastes and municipal solid waste (MSW) is one of the leading emerging sources of contamination of groundwater in Agra region.
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