SynopsisThe influence of imbibed water in cellulose, polypropylene, and polyester on their xray diffraction patterns has been studied. It was found that both hygroscopic and nonhygroscopic polymers behave similarly, in that the resolution of the peaks in their x-ray diffraction patterns increases. This is because the addition of water enhances the x-ray absorption coefficient of the polymers which are poor absorbers of x-rays in their dry state. It is concluded that there is no x-ray evidence at present which indicates that water has an influence on the cellulose lattice.

No abstract

SynopsisThe role of aqueous alkali solutions as swelling agents of cotton cellulose has been studied by various workers and these reagents have been invariably considered to cause lattice disorder in cellulose. The effect of multiple swelling treatments on the cotton cellulose structure has not been studied hitherto. The present study on cotton demonstrates that it is the concentration of the swelling agents and the conditions at the time of treatment which determine the resultant order in the final product. The resultant lattice order so attained is shown to be far in excess of any observed in either native or regenerated celluloses or even their hydrolyzed products, with complete retention of their fibrous form. X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy data show conclusively that fibrillar "aggregation" or their "dispersion" can be effectively controlled and are the results of the soda cellulose complexes which form upon alkali treatments. The role of water u i s -6 4 s the formation of cellulose I1 is extensively discussed. Studies on sorption and tensile properties of the treated samples lend support to the phenomenon of fibrillar aggregation in cellulosic fibers.

Cotton cellulose has been subjected to swelling and stretching treatments under various conditions. It has been found that the cellulose I lattice is highly resistant to alkali attack and difficult to disrupt completely during a single swelling treatment. The residual cellulose 1 “nuclei” grow upon stretching the swollen fibers. The amount of the recrystallized fraction is proportional to the residual cellulose I in the slack-mercerized samples. X-ray investigations carried out on several rayons indicate that the extraneous lattice in the viscose rayons is cellulose I and not cellulose IV, as supposed earlier. This is confirmed by the incomplete conversion of cellulose I to soda-cellulose in “mercerization and ageing” processes and also by the sensitiveness of cellulose I to stretching. Evidence on cuprammonium rayon and Fortisan, which appear to be better dispersed in solution and, therefore, contain no cellulose I, supports this view.

In the Appendix on p. 2905, the seventh line should read "it can be seen that the observed OD is higher than the calculated OD by a value of 120 cm-'."

SynopsisThere is strong evidence in the literature that cellulose chains have different conformations, as well as forming different crystalline lattices, in cellulose I and cellulose 11. New data on the birefringence of amine-treated fibers (cellulose 111) support this view.

Most Australian domestic investors rely on fund managers, and in India, this is not the same as they are primarily in direct investment rather than indirect. The study attempts to investigate the causal relationship between the returns of the standard indices, namely BSE500 and ASX300, and customized indices, MIMF and MAMF, for both India and Australia. The study uses econometric tools and techniques such as unit root test, vector error correction model, Wald test, Johansen co-integration, and model efficacy assumptions on the historical closing NAV of the selected mutual fund schemes for the period from April 2008 to March 2018. The econometric investigation using Johansen’s Co-Integration test confirmed the co-integration between BSE500, ASX300 and customized indices. Empirical evidence suggests that the Australian customized MAMF index is not Granger-caused by the Indian customized index MIMF, and therefore the MIMF index value cannot be used to predict the future rate of index MAMF returns, and vice versa.

In the Appendix on p. 2905, the seventh line should read "it can be seen that the observed OD is higher than the calculated OD by a value of 120 cm-'."