Context. AGILE is an Italian Space Agency mission dedicated to observing the gamma-ray Universe. The AGILE's very innovative instrumentation for the first time combines a gamma-ray imager (sensitive in the energy range 30 MeV-50 GeV), a hard X-ray imager (sensitive in the range 18-60 keV), a calorimeter (sensitive in the range 350 keV-100 MeV), and an anticoincidence system. AGILE was successfully launched on 2007 April 23 from the Indian base of Sriharikota and was inserted in an equatorial orbit with very low particle background. Aims. AGILE provides crucial data for the study of active galactic nuclei, gamma-ray bursts, pulsars, unidentified gamma-ray sources, galactic compact objects, supernova remnants, TeV sources, and fundamental physics by microsecond timing.Methods. An optimal sky angular positioning (reaching 0.1 degrees in gamma-rays and 1-2 arcmin in hard X-rays) and very large fields of view (2.5 sr and 1 sr, respectively) are obtained by the use of Silicon detectors integrated in a very compact instrument. Results. AGILE surveyed the gamma-ray sky and detected many Galactic and extragalactic sources during the first months of observations. Particular emphasis is given to multifrequency observation programs of extragalactic and galactic objects. Conclusions. AGILE is a successful high-energy gamma-ray mission that reached its nominal scientific performance. The AGILE Cycle-1 pointing program started on 2007 December 1, and is open to the international community through a Guest Observer Program.

THESEUS is a space mission concept aimed at exploiting Gamma-Ray Bursts for investigating the early Universe and at providing a substantial advancement of multi-messenger and time-domain astrophysics. These goals will be achieved through a unique combination of instruments allowing GRB and X-ray transient detection over a broad field of view (more than 1sr) with 0.5-1 arcmin localization, an energy band extending from several MeV down to 0.3 keV and high sensitivity to transient sources in the soft X-ray domain, as well as on-board prompt (few minutes) followup with a 0.7 m class IR telescope with both imaging and spectroscopic capabilities. THESEUS will be perfectly suited for addressing the main open issues in cosmology such as, e.g., star formation rate and metallicity evolution of the inter-stellar and intra-galactic medium up to redshift ∼10, signatures of Pop III stars, sources and physics of reionization, and the faint end of the galaxy luminosity function. In addition, it will provide unprecedented capability to monitor the X-ray variable sky, thus detecting, localizing, and identifying the electromagnetic counterparts to sources of gravitational radiation, which may be routinely detected in the late '20s / early '30s by next generation facilities like aLIGO/ aVirgo, eLISA, KAGRA, and Einstein Telescope. THESEUS will also provide powerful synergies with the next generation of multi-wavelength observatories (e.g., LSST, ELT, SKA, CTA, ATHENA).

A method is discussed for quantifying and categorizing the activity of an atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) catalyst as being derived from the product of its intrinsic reducing power and affinity for halide anions. The reducing power of several copper, ruthenium, and osmium ATRP catalysts was quantified with cyclic voltammetry in tetrahydrofuran, including for MtX2(PPh3)3, MtX(Cp*)P i Pr3, and CuX(BPMODA) (where Mt = Ru and Os, X = Cl and Br, and BPMODA = N,N,-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)octadecylamine). Spectrophotometric measurements were used to determine ATRP equilibrium constants (KATRP), a measure of catalyst polymerization activity. Ru and Os catalysts of activity comparable to Cu are approximately 500 mV less reducing. Evaluation of kinetic polymerization data, together with E1/2 and KATRP values, allowed the determination that halide affinities of these Ru and Os 2 compounds must be approximately 7-9 orders of magnitude stronger than typical Cu ATRP catalysts to compensate for their comparatively poor reducing power. Additionally, the ability of the coordinatively unsaturated Os compounds to control polystyrene molecular weights under organometallic radical polymerization (OMRP) conditions where the Ru analogues and Cu compounds cannot is discussed in terms of the potential for Os to form stronger Mt-C bonds.DFT calculations, 1 H NMR chain end analyses, and polymer chain extensions were conducted in order to evaluate the likelihood that standard halogen atom transfer (for ATRP) and reversible radical trapping (for OMRP) processes are indeed regulating the growing radical concentrations under the respective appropriate conditions with the new Os catalysts.

Aims The Sprague–Dawley (SD) rat, an out-bred, all-purpose strain, has served well for lower urinary tract research. However, to test new cellular therapies for conditions such as stress urinary incontinence, an in-bred rat strain with immune tolerance, such as the Lewis rat, may be more useful. The objective of this study was to reveal any differences in lower urinary tract continence mechanisms between the Lewis and SD rat. Methods The contribution of (1) the striated and smooth muscle to the mechanical and functional properties of the urethra in vitro, and (2) the striated sphincter to leak point pressure (LPP) and reflex continence mechanisms in vivo were assessed in normal (control) Lewis and SD rats and in a model of stress urinary incontinence produced by bilateral pudendal nerve transection. Results Control, Lewis rats had significantly lower LPP, significantly less fast-twitch skeletal muscle and relied less on the striated sphincter for continence than control, SD rats, as indicated by the failure of neuromuscular blockade with alpha-bungarotoxin to reduce LPP. Nerve transection significantly decreased LPP in the SD rat, but not in the Lewis rat. Although the Lewis urethra contained more smooth muscle than the SD rat, it was less active in vitro as indicated by a low urethral baseline pressure and lack of response to phenylephrine. Conclusions We have observed distinct differences in functional and mechanical properties of the SD and Lewis urethra and have shown that the Lewis rat may not be suitable as a chronic model of SUI via nerve transection.