Culture as an important element in tourism plays its role in the form of attraction for tourists as well as aspects which influence tourists' behaviour. Several crosscultural studies have been done to find the differences between tourists' behaviour regarding their culture. Although there is no comprehensive definition for culture in literature, Hofstede provided a well-known model which divided national culture into five dimensions. Power distance, individualism /collectivism, masculinity/femininity, uncertainty avoidance, and long-term orientation are the dimensions of his mentioned model. Since environment is the fundamental component of tourism, its sustainability, management, and controlling tourism impact on it is important for the industry. This study aims to review tourists' behaviour towards environment and find the influence of tourists' national culture on their certain behaviour. Qualitative analysis was done by using existing literature about "tourist behaviour in relation to environment" and relating them to "tourists' national culture". The result has provided the estimate model of tourist behaviour by different national culture towards environment.
This study investigates the relationship between ethical ideologies, Machiavellianism, perceived ethical problem, gender and ethical intention. The results from a survey of students in marketing classes from an Australian university branch campus in Malaysia revealed that relativism and Machiavellianism have negative impact on ethical intention of students. However, idealism and perceived ethical problems have positive impacts on their ethical intention. Moreover, the study found that gender is not a determinant of the ethical intentions of students. This study is attempting to improve our understanding of the ethical issues existing in one of the emergent markets (i.e. Malaysia). Additionally, it offers some implications for marketing educators.
This paper aims to identify the ranking of importance of work values as perceived by marketing students, and to explore the underlying dimensions of work values in the Malaysian context. It also aims to determine whether there are differences of work values between marketing students in Malaysia and US. Previously validated Super's Work Values Inventory (SWVI) containing 15 dimensions was completed by business students undertaking Marketing and other majors in Malaysia and USA. Factor analysis is employed to examine the underlying structure of work values. The study confirms the two-factor structure (intrinsic and extrinsic) of work values and shows that marketing students value the work that allows them to fulfill their potential in terms of creativity (M = 4.23) and intellectual stimulation (M = 3.99) in Malaysia. Moreover, the results showed that significant differences in work values exist between Malaysia and US students with respect to economic return, way of life, altruism, prestige, management and variety. This article contributes to the worldwide knowledge on work values by highlighting the importance of understanding potential marketing professionals' work values in the two different countries. Respondents selected from two countries will limit the generalizability of the study.
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