This review highlights developments in mycotoxin analysis and sampling over a period between mid-2008 and mid-2009. It covers the major mycotoxins: aflatoxins, alternaria toxins, cyclopiazonic acid, fumonisins, ochratoxin, patulin, trichothecenes and zearalenone. Developments in mycotoxin analysis continue, with emphasis on novel immunological methods and further description of LC-MS and LC-MS/MS, particularly as multimycotoxin applications for different ranges of mycotoxins. Although falling outside the main emphasis of the review, some aspects of natural occurrence have been mentioned, especially if linked to novel method developments.
This review highlights developments in mycotoxin analysis and sampling over a period between mid-2009 and mid-2010. It covers the major mycotoxins aflatoxins, Alternaria toxins, ergot alkaloids, fumonisins, ochratoxin, patulin, trichothecenes, and zearalenone. New and improved methods for mycotoxins continue to be published. Immunological-based method developments continue to be of wide interest in a broad range of formats. Multimycotoxin determination by LC-MS/MS is now being targeted at the specific ranges of mycotoxins and matrices of interest or concern to the individual laboratory. Although falling outside the main emphasis of the review, some aspects of natural occurrence have been mentioned, especially if linked to novel method developments.
Fumonisins—mycotoxins produced by some Fusarium species—have been shown to be the causative agent of diseases in horses and other domesticated animals as well as possible carcinogens in humans. A collaborative study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of a competitive direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (CD-ELISA) for the determination of total fumonisins (B1, B2, and B3) in corn. The test portion was extracted with methanol–water (7 + 3), filtered, diluted, and tested on the CD-ELISA. Naturally and artificially contaminated corn test portions were sent to 13 collaborators in the United States. Naturally contaminated field test portions were prepared at 3 different levels. Artificially contaminated test portions were spiked at 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0 mg/kg total fumonisins (B1, B2, and B3). Average recoveries of total fumonisins were 120, 100, and 90%, respectively. The relative standard deviations for repeatability ranged from 13.3 to 23.3% and the relative standard deviations for reproducibility ranged from 15.8 to 30.3% across all levels tested. HORRAT values, calculated for each individual sample, ranged from 1.24 to 1.94. This method demonstrated acceptable intra- and interlaboratory precision at the levels tested.
A rapid, quantitative, inexpensive, efficient method was developed to determine deoxynivalenol (DON) in wheat, barley, corn, wheat middlings, wheat flour, bran, malted barley, and oats. Samples are ground and extracted with acetonitrile-water (86 + 14). A portion of the extract is cleaned up by passage through a MycoSep No. 225 column, evaporated to dryness, and derivatized with zirconyl nitrate and ethylenediamine in methanol. The resulting fluorescent derivative of DON is identified and quantitated with a calibrated fluorometer containing a broad wavelength pulsed xenon light source. This method quantitated DON concentrations from 0.5 to 50 ppm without dilution and was linear when applied to samples of noncontaminated wheat spiked at 0.5, 5, 10, 25, and 50 μg DON/g. Correlation coefficients of the method with LC for multiple analyses (n ≥ 14 for each commodity) applied to wheat, corn, barley, wheat flour, and wheat middlings were 0.99, 0.99, 0.99, 0.93, and 0.98, respectively. Individual analyses were conducted in < 30 min, and 24 samples were analyzed in 2 h.
This review highlights developments in mycotoxin analysis and sampling over a period between mid-2007 and mid-2008. It covers the major mycotoxins: aflatoxins, Alternaria toxins, cyclopiazonic acid, fumonisins, ochratoxin, patulin, trichothecenes, and zearalenone. Some aspects of natural occurrence, particularly if linked to novel aspects of analytical methods, are also included. The review demonstrates the rise of LC-MS methods, the continuing interest in developing alternative and rapid methods and the modification of well-established mycotoxin analytical methods by individual laboratories to meet their own requirements.
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