BackgroundSome manufactured nanoparticles are metal-based and have a wide variety of applications in electronic, engineering and medicine. Until now, many studies have described the potential toxicity of NPs on pulmonary target, while little attention has been paid to kidney which is considered to be a secondary target organ. The objective of this study, on human renal culture cells, was to assess the toxicity profile of metallic nanoparticles (TiO2, ZnO and CdS) usable in industrial production. Comparative studies were conducted, to identify whether particle properties impact cytotoxicity by altering the intracellular oxidative status.ResultsNanoparticles were first characterized by size, surface charge, dispersion and solubility. Cytotoxicity of NPs was then evaluated in IP15 (glomerular mesangial) and HK-2 (epithelial proximal) cell lines. ZnO and CdS NPs significantly increased the cell mortality, in a dose-dependent manner. Cytotoxic effects were correlated with the physicochemical properties of NPs tested and the cell type used. Analysis of reactive oxygen species and intracellular levels of reduced and oxidized glutathione revealed that particles induced stress according to their composition, size and solubility. Protein involved in oxidative stress such as NF-κb was activated with ZnO and CdS nanoparticles. Such effects were not observed with TiO2 nanoparticles.ConclusionOn glomerular and tubular human renal cells, ZnO and CdS nanoparticles exerted cytotoxic effects that were correlated with metal composition, particle scale and metal solubility. ROS production and oxidative stress induction clearly indicated their nephrotoxic potential.

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Background: The ability of nanoparticles to cross the lung-blood barrier suggests that they may translocate to blood and to targets distant from their portal of entry. Nevertheless, nanotoxicity in organs has received little attention. The purpose of this study was to evaluate nanotoxicity in renal cells using in vitro models. Various carbon black (CB) (FW2-13 nm, Printex60-21 nm and LB101-95 nm) and titanium dioxide (TiO 2 -15 and TiO 2 -50 nm) nanoparticles were characterized on size by electron microscopy. We evaluated theirs effects on glomerular mesangial (IP15) and epithelial proximal tubular (LLC-PK 1 ) renal cells, using light microscopy, WST-1 assay, immunofluorescence labeling and DCFH-DA for reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay.

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Abstract-Cytoskeleton alterations are a hallmark of mesangial cell activation during glomerulosclerosis. The aim of this study was to investigate whether mycophenolic acid (MPA) affects cytoskeletal organization and motility of human mesangial cells. Using the IP15 cell line, we found that treatment with 1 mol/L MPA inhibited both receptor-dependent (angiotensin II) and receptor-independent (KCl) contractile responses, as well as serum-induced migration activity, suggesting alterations in the intracellular mechanisms that control mesangial cell motility. Immunofluorescence studies of MPA-treated cells provided evidence for decreased membrane disassembly/reassembly of ␣-smooth muscle actin and F-actin fibers, which was correlated with sustained quantitative and qualitative modifications of actin-associated proteins: calponin was overexpressed and became associated with actin fibers, whereas phosphorylation levels of cofilin and myosin light chain increased, suggesting both an activation of the mechanisms responsible for actin polymerization and an inhibition of actin-depolymerizing processes. These observations support a stabilizing effect of MPA on the mesangial actin cytoskeleton, which constitutes an additive action by which MPA, beyond its anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative and antifibrotic properties, might protect against excessive mesangial activation in the context of various glomerulopathies and kidney transplantation.

Many uncertainties remain regarding the potential toxic effect of nanoparticles.

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Catheters were placed in the jugular vein and femoral artery of male Sprague-Dawley rats and connected to a specially designed perfusor for continuous constant infusion of 0.9% NaCl and a syringe to perform simultaneous and intermittent blood collections. This permitted continuous 24-h study of renal hemodynamics, estimated by inulin (Cin) and p-amino-hippuric acid (CPAH) clearances; Cin represents glomerular filtration rate and CPAH renal plasma flow. Animals were individually housed in metabolism cages in a controlled environment with light/dark 12:12 h. Urine was collected every 4 h (12:00, 16:00, 20:00, 24:00, 04:00, and 08:00) and blood sampled at the midpoint of urine collection periods. Urine and plasma sodium, potassium, inulin, and PAH were spectrophotometrically assessed. During continuous infusion of isotonic saline, Cin exhibited circadian changes with large decrease between 12:00 and 20:00 h (0.9 +/- 0.2 ml/min) and acrophase at 00:30 h. Rhythmicity in CPAH was similar with the minimum between 16:00 and 20:00 h (2.5 +/- 0.3 ml/min) and peak between 00:00 and 04:00 h (acrophase at 00:25 h). Water and electrolyte excretion were also circadian rhythmic with a similar nighttime enhancement and daytime minimum. Such circadian changes persisted during continuous 0.9% NaCl infusion for several consecutive days. The unanesthetized, unrestrained rat model enables investigations in renal chronopharmacology and chronotoxicology.