Chitin and chitosan hold a great economic value due to their versatile biological activities and chemical applications, mainly in medical and pharmaceutical. Bionectria CBNR KRRR, isolated from the marine soils of Pichavaram, Tamil Nadu was used for the economic production of Chitin and Chitosan using three different media-Sabouraud sucrose broth, Hesseltine and Anderson medium, Andrade et al medium. The polysaccharides were extracted by alkali-acid treatment, and characterized by infrared spectroscopy. The highest growth rate was with Andarde et al medium with a mycelial dry weight of 15.21g/L. The best yields of the polysaccharides (mg per gram of dry mycelia biomass) are obtained with Sabouraud sucrose broth for chitosan (204 mg/g or 20%) and for chitin (2189.78 mg/g or 218%).From the SEM image, Chitin AgNP's exhibited smaller powder particle size. Ag/Chitosan BNCs showed show strong needle shaped structures. The EDS spectrum of Bionectria CBNR KRRR CS AgNP composite shows the peaks of C K, O K, Cl K and Ag L. The atomic ratio of was found to be 85:13:0.34:1.45 wt %. The EDS spectrum of Bionectria CBNR KRRR CS AgNP composite shows the peaks of C O K, and Ag L. The atomic ratio of was found to be 15:17:67 wt %. The antibacterial activity of Chitin and Chitosan solution was found to be less than the Bionanocomposites indicating that the presence of the silver ion thereby increases the antibacterial strength of the polysaccharides. Chitin AgNP showed 94.5% dye inhibition in 72 hours and Chitosan AgNP showed 97.5% inhibition.
The stem bark of Carallia brachiata was studied for wound healing activity. The bark was extracted with petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and methanol successively. All the extracts were screened for wound healing activity by excision and incision models in Wistar rats. The ethyl acetate and methanol extracts were found to possess significant wound healing activity. The extracts revealed the presence of sterols or triterpenoids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, carbohydrates, fixed oils and fats.
Chitosan and its nanoparticles, which are being studied extensively to understand their varied and unique functional properties, have attracted considerable interest due to their biological activities and potential applications in the food, pharmaceutical and environmental industries. This review focuses on the biological activities of Chitosan and its nanoparticles, based on others' latest research results, including antitumor and anticancer effects, antimicrobial, wound healing activities, food preservative and so on, which are all correlated with their structural and physiological properties. The objective of this review is to give in-depth and comprehensive insights into the functionality of chitosan and its nanoparticles and a study of their inherent industrial and therapeutic applications.
The objective of the present study was to prepare and characterize the microcapsules for the controlled release of Stavudine using cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB), ethyl cellulose (EC), hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose phthalate (HPMCP). The microcapsules were prepared by solvent evaporation method using acetone and liquid paraffin as a drug dispersion and liquid manufacturing phase, respectively. The prepared microcapsules were characterized for particle size distribution (PSD), percent drug content, entrapment efficiency, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and in vitro dissolution studies. The prepared microcapsules were filled in hard gelatin capsules and kept for accelerated stability study as per ICH guidelines for about 3 months. The prepared microcapsules were spherical and free flowing. The entrapment efficiency was found to be 25-45%. The release of drug from the microcapsules was extended upto 12 hours and more. FTIR and DSC thermo graphs showed stable character of stavudine. Scanning electron microscopic study revealed that then microcapsules were spherical and porous in nature. The release kinetics study revealed that the prepared microcapsules were best fitted to the Higuchi model, first order and followed by Zero order and indicating that the drug release was diffusion controlled. The release was mainly influenced by the type of polymer and its viscosity. The DSC study revealed that there is no drug to polymer interaction and showed the stable character of the drug which was further confirmed by the assay of accelerated stability of microcapsules.
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