To improve the efficiency of images presented in low-cost vehicle simulators, the virtual viewing direction (i.e., the direction in which the image is rendered) can be head-slaved, the display can be surrounded with a less detailed peripheral image, or both. Three simulator experiments were used to evaluate the effect of these techniques on lane-keeping performance and spatial orientation. In Experiment 1, vehicle references or a head-slaved display (HSD) provided feedback on the virtual viewing direction. Vehicle references improved lane-keeping performance somewhat with a standard 50 degrees h x 50 degrees v display. An HSD (50 degrees h x 50 degrees v) allowed better steering performance, but not to the levels obtained with a wide display (150 degrees h x 50 degrees v). Experiments 2a and 2b evaluated the effects of surrounding the HSD with a less detailed peripheral image and of moving the HSD discretely or continuously. With the peripheral image, lane-keeping performance (Experiment 2a) and spatial orientation (Experiment 2b) were similar to those with a wide display. In both experiments, performance with the discretely moving HSD was superior to that with the continuously moving HSD. The results show that low-cost driving simulators can be equipped with more efficient displays that are as effective as wide displays for lane-keeping and spatial orientation.
Summary: This paper describes the mindset at the start of a three year project to develop a test on a driving simulator. It reviews the literature, presents background information on driver training simulators and their relation with assessment. It then introduces some of the ideas behind this project, the adaptive cognitive model that will be used, as well as the interoperable assessment module we will develop.
The brain can be very proficient in classifying images that are hard for computer algorithms to deal with. Previous studies show that EEG can contribute to sorting shortly presented images in targets and non-targets. We examine how EEG and classification performance are affected by image presentation time and the kind of target: humans (a familiar category) or kangaroos (unfamiliar). Humans are much easier detected as indicated by behavioral data, EEG and classifier performance. Presentation of humans is reflected in the EEG even if observers were attending to kangaroos. In general, 50ms presentation time decreased markers of detection compared to 100ms.
Most important source of information for operators of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in controlling airframe and camera are the outside world images from the on-board camera. However, these images are of degraded quality, i.e. limited field of view, limited spatial resolution, and low update rate, which leads to poor operator performance and loss of situational awareness.An important operator task is controlling the camera, which requires information on airframe heading and speed, and camera heading and pitch. This information may be displayed by digital or pictorial indicators. The TNO Human Factors Research Institute developed a new principle of presentation: a view on a Computer Generated Environment (CGE). This view is directly coupled to the actual position and orientation of the camera, and may be depicted with arbitrary field of view, zoom-factor, and update rate. For example zoomed-out around a zoomed-in camera image to improve situational awareness, or with high update rates superposed over a slow updated camera image to improve tracking performance.The CGE (for example a grid positioned at sea-level) provides a caricature of the optic array that is equivalent to the optic array that would have been observed on-board the airframe. We call this ecologically compatible. This is fundamentally different from a presentation by indicators which are per definition an abstraction of reality, and require transformations to create a sense of camera and airframe state. An ecological compatible display allows the use of elementary information processing mechanisms normally used for processing information on layout of the environment. Obviously, utilizing such mechanisms will result in better performance and reduced workload compared with the traditional methods of operator support. This claim is confirmed by experiments on tracking, search, and steering tasks.Command and control as well as air traffic control systems users may benefit from three-dimensional (3D) presentation of data, although the results of human performance studies comparing different 3D rendering display technologies (e.g., 3D perspective & stereoscopic) have been equivocal. The 3D Volumetric Display (3DVD), an evolving
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