Background Fibroadenoma (FA) is a non-cancerous breast lesion, usually diagnosed in young females, where the genes, proteins, and environmental risk factors contribute to the disease pathogenesis. The study aimed to find the association of Human Epithelial Growth Factor Receptor 2 (rs1136200 and rs1058808) gene polymorphisms with fibroadenoma in this population. Methods The study included 60 cases with FA and 60 healthy controls. DNA isolation was performed from peripheral blood lymphocytes and genotyped using the ARMS-PCR method. Allelic and genotype frequencies, odds ratio, Both variants were calculated with 95% confidence intervals. Results In this study, genotypic distributions of HER2 rs1136200 allelic polymorphisms were reported GG (31.7%), GT (48.3%), TT (20%) in FA cases, and 20%, 36.7%, 43.3% in controls. However, the percentage of the G allele in cases is 55.8% and controls 38.3%; the T allele in cases is 44.2% whereas 61.7 in controls. The genotypic distribution results of HER2 rs1058808 allelic polymorphisms showed CC (36.7%), CG (48.3%), and GG (15%) in FA cases and 28.3%, 40%, 31.7% in controls. However, the percentage of the C allele in cases is 60.8% and in controls 48.3%; the G allele in cases is 39.2% and 51.7% in controls. Our study found a significant difference in genotype frequencies of rs1136200 and rs1058808 gene polymorphism compared to FA patients and healthy controls. HER2 rs1136200 and rs1058808 gene polymorphism were significantly (P- value 0.05) associated with FA. Conclusion Future studies must identify the role of HER2 rs1136200 and rs1058808 gene variants and their interaction with other fibroadenoma-associated genes in FA for the possible development of suitable therapies and early diagnosis in the human community.
Pre-eclampsia, or toxaemia, is a potentially fatal condition characterized by extremely high blood pressure (hypertension). Usually, it appears 20 weeks after pregnancy when blood pressure is normal. There is a risk for the mother and the baby to suffer severe complications, if not death. There is an incidence of it of 2-8% in pregnancy around the world. There are a majority of women who have preeclampsia who have healthy babies. There are 13 million premature babies born each year due to preeclampsia. When a baby is born before 37 weeks of gestation, it is considered preterm. There are several common symptoms, such as hypertension, proteinuria, swelling of the legs, and retention of water. A person's vision may also be affected by changes such as temporary blindness, blurred vision, and sensitivity to light. Women who are pregnant are more likely to suffer from hypertension disorders such as gestational hypertension.Several factors increase the risk of toxicity, including obesity, diabetes type 1 and type 2, renal disease, and autoimmune diseases. In addition to placental abruption, HELLP syndrome, fetal growth restriction, and preterm birth, pre-eclampsia can also result in organ damage such as strokes and cardiovascular disease. An individual who has a preeclamptic condition is twice as likely to suffer a heart attack or stroke later in life. The root cause of preeclampsia is still unknown. The miR-200 family has been linked with preeclampsia and upregulated in preeclamptic plasma and placenta. Furthermore, aspirin suppressed the miR-200 family, and these miR-200 family-mediated cell activities, such as cell invasion and EMT alterations, were entirely reversed. The most recent clinical studies back up the use of low-dose aspirin to prevent pre-eclampsia. Prescriptions for low-dose aspirin are issued to prevent placental complications and foetal growth restriction.
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most commonly detected cancer and the fourth cause of mortality globally. It is anticipated to rise by 60% of the 2.2 million new cases and 1.1 million deaths by 2030.The cancer originates in the digestive tract's lower end i.e. the colon and rectum which begin as a non-cancerous polyp and turns out to be a tumor (sarcoma) in the later stages. It is generally resulted as a consequence of lifestyle and environmental factors which includes obesity and physical inactivity. The major aspects responsible are dysfunction of signaling mechanisms, alternation in methylation of various pathways leading to characteristic symptoms such as rectal bleeding, abdominal discomfort, etc. The intent of this study is to investigate the biomarkers used for diagnosis of colorectal cancer. There are many methods to diagnose the disease, one of such diagnostic measures are biomarkers. They are sequences of DNA which are associated with the predisposition of a disease for instance exosomes, long non-coding RNA, methylated vimentin, etc. are some of the novel biomarkers used in the detection of colorectal cancer. The exosomes are double membranous vesicles structurally sound in lipids are present in body fluids like blood, saliva and urine plays a major role in initiation and progression of the tumor. MicroRNAs are endogenous noncoding sequences that obstruct the expression of target genes. The carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a highly suggested prognostic marker because the level of CEA increases with the increase in CRC. Recently, it has been discovered that the fusion of exosomes and CEA enhances the accuracy of diagnosis.
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