The distribution of individual anthocyanin pigments in the fruits of 43 Rubus clones was determined by TLC and densitometry. Quantitative estimates of anthocyanin pigments were based on absorbance at 533 nm. The fruit of all red and black raspberries and blackberries contained cyanidin 3-glucoside. Some blackberries also contained cyanidin 3-rutinoside. Cyanidin 3-rutinoside and cyanidin 3-glucosylrutinoside were also present in most red raspberries. Cyanidin 3-sophoroside was present only in red raspberry and red raspberry hybrids while cyandin 3-sambubioside and cyanidin 3-xylosylrutinoside were found only in black raspberries. R. crataegifolius, R. morifolius, R. illecebrosus and R. parviflorus each contained pelargonidin glycosides as major pigments. Black raspberry had the highest anthocyanin content, over 200 mg/lOOg of fruit, and red raspberry had the lowest, less than 60 mg/lOOg. Blackberry was generally intermediate in anthocyanin content between red and black raspberries. b includes 2.4 mg/lOOg of Cy 3-XylRu.

Fruit ethylene production genotypes for Md-ACS1 and Md-ACO1 were determined for 60 apple cultivars and 35 advanced breeding selections. Two alleles for each gene are commonly found in cultivated apple. Earlier studies showed that genotypes homozygous for the ACS1-2 allele produce less ethylene and have firmer fruit than ACS1-1/2 and ACS1-1/1 genotypes. ACO1 plays a minor role compared to ACS1, with homozygous ACO1-1 having lower ethylene production. In this study, ACS1-2 and ACO1-1 homozygotes had firmer fruit at harvest and after 60 days of 0-1°C cold storage compared to other genotypes. These genotypes, ACS1-2/2 and ACO1-1/1, were observed for the following 8 of 95 cultivars/

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Selecting for crispness instrumentally in fruit from apple (Malus ×domestica) breeding programs is notoriously difficult. Most breeders rely on sensory assessment for this important characteristic. Following the 2009 harvest, we used a computerized penetrometer to assess firmness and texture of apple selections from the Washington State University's apple breeding program and 16 standard reference varieties. Data were compared with sensory data from the apple breeding team. In addition to the expected high correlations between the various firmness measures of the computerized penetrometer and the sensory firmness values, our data also show a significant correlation between the computerized penetrometer crispness value and the sensory crispness value, thus demonstrating the benefit from using this equipment rather than the industry standard Magness–Taylor penetrometer.

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