Three experiments were conducted to examine cross-language priming in bilinguals. The first was a cross-language primed lexical decision task experiment with Chinese-English bilinguals. Subjects made lexical decisions about primary associate targets in the two languages at the same rate, but priming occurred only when the prime was in their first language (Ll), Chinese, and the target was in their second language (L2), English. Experiment 2 produced the same pattern of asymmetrical priming with two alphabetic languages, French and Dutch. In Experiment 3, the crucial stimuli were translation equivalents. In contrast to the results of Experiments 1 and 2, priming occurred across languages in both the LI-L2 and L2-Ll conditions. However, this priming was also asymmetrical, with more priming occurring in the LI-L2 condition. A tentative separate-interconnected model of bilingual memory is described. It suggests that the representations of words expressed in different languages are stored in separate memory systems, which may be interconnected via one-to-one links between some translation-equivalent representations as well as meaning-integration processes.Bilinguals are able to communicate in either of two languages without experiencing constant intrusions from the inactive language. Yet when a bilingual learns something via one language, there appears to be access to that knowledge via the other language. How can the language systems be kept separate in practice and still share the same information? Are the languages represented as separate, independent modules in memory? Or, are all languages represented in a shared, interdependent semantic module? These questions have important implications for an understanding of bilingual behavior and for more general models of memory and representation.In 1963, Kolers formalized the question and integrated it into psychological issues of representation by proposing a shared-separate dichotomy. He suggested that the representations of words expressed in different languages either are stored in discrete independent memory systems or take totally abstract forms, such as propositions, and are shared by words in the two languages.We would like to thank the staff of Hong Kong University who served as subjects in Experiment 1 and the students and staff of the Center for Life and Learning of Louvain University for their help in carrying out Experiments 2 and 3. We would also like to thank Annette de Groot and David Balota for their comments on earlier versions of the paper, as well as MaryPotter, Judith Kroll, and a third reviewer for their comments on this paper. Correspondence should beaddressed to C. W. Keatley,

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Test-retest reliability of individual functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) results is of importance in clinical practice and longitudinal experiments. While several studies have investigated reliability of task-induced motor network activation, less is known about the reliability of the task-free motor network. Here, we investigate the reproducibility of task-free fMRI, and compare it to motor task activity. Sixteen healthy subjects participated in this study with a test-retest interval of seven weeks. The task-free motor network was assessed with a univariate, seed-voxel-based correlation analysis. Reproducibility was tested by means of intraclass correlation (ICC) values and ratio of overlap. Higher ICC values and a better overlap were found for task fMRI as compared to task-free fMRI. Furthermore, ratio of overlap improved for task fMRI at higher thresholds, while it decreased for task-free fMRI, suggesting a less focal spatial pattern of the motor network during resting state. However, for both techniques the most active voxels were located in the primary motor cortex. This indicates that, just like task fMRI, task-free fMRI can properly identify critical brain areas for motor task performance. Although both fMRI techniques are able to detect the motor network, resting-state fMRI is less reliable than task fMRI.

and KeywordsThis chapter discusses recent findings from research on face and body perception giving special attention to the implications of the findings for social vision. The first section is devoted to similarities between the processes underlying face and body perception. The second section discusses how the perception of faces and bodies is integrated. The third section tackles issues on conscious and nonconscious perception of socially meaningful signals and their neuroanatomical underpinnings. Finally, the relation between social vision and awareness is explored, and notion of social consciousness is developed. Throughout the chapter, the notions of agent vision and social vision are used in the sense made familiar by the expression "night vision" to refer to various devices that expand the normal visual abilities and allows the observer to see in the dark, outside the spotlight of consciousness.

Emotions are communicated through the prosody of speech. Are such expressions perceived categorically or rather in a multidimensional space without clear foci? The former alternative is in line with longstanding views about the existence of some basic emotions. Recent reports present evidence that facial expressions are perceived categorically [de Gelder etal., Cognit. Emotion (in press)]. To explore this issue for auditory speech, a continuum between happiness and fear was created by varying pitch excursion, pitch height, and duration of an utterance via PSOLA. Categoricity of perception for auditory expressions was examined in (a) an auditory-only presentation and (b) an auditory–visual condition of simultaneous presentation of the auditory stimuli and facial expressions corresponding to the either of the two expressions. In the auditory-only conditions a clear CP phenomenon is observed. In the bimodal conditions the visual information modulates the perception of the speech emotion. The latter phenomenon is not observed in a patient suffering from prosopagnosia. The findings raise the issue of a common biological basis for facial and vocal expression perception.