As managers of agricultural and natural resources are confronted with uncertainties in global change impacts, the complexities associated with the interconnected cycling of nitrogen, carbon, and water present daunting management challenges. Existing models provide detailed information on specific sub-systems (e.g., land, air, water, and economics). An increasing awareness of the unintended consequences of management decisions resulting from interconnectedness of these sub-systems, however, necessitates coupled regional earth system models (EaSMs). Decision makers' needs and priorities can be integrated into the model design and development processes to enhance decision-making relevance and "usability" of EaSMs. BioEarth is a research initiative currently under development with a focus on the U.S. Pacific Northwest region that explores the coupling of multiple stand-alone EaSMs to generate usable information for resource decision-making. Direct engagement between model developers and non-academic stakeholders involved in resource and environmental management decisions throughout the model development process is a critical component of this effort. BioEarth utilizes a bottom-up approach for its land surface model that preserves fine spatialscale sensitivities and lateral hydrologic connectivity, which makes it unique among many regional EaSMs. This paper describes the BioEarth initiative and highlights opportunities and challenges associated with coupling multiple stand-alone models to generate usable information for agricultural and natural resource decision-making.
Field experiments were conducted during 1993-95 at Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru College of Agriculture and Research Institute. Karaikal for evolving alternate cropping systems for the Karaikal region of Union Territory of Pondicherry, which is situated at the tail end of Cauvery delta zone. Rice-cotton system was found to be the best system since it outyielded the conventional system (rice-blackgram)) and other cropping systems evaluated (rice-soybean, rice-vegetable cowpea and rice-sesame). The system rice-cotton recorded the maximum gross and net returns followed by rice-vegetable cowpea system. The rice-cotton system may be adopted in areas where water is available for atleast ten irrigations during summer and in areas where water is available for only five irrigations rice-vegetable cowpea system may be economical. Among the four levels of N (0.75. 112.5 or 150 Kg ha) applied to rice, application of 150 Kg N ha increased not only the yield of rice but also the production potential of the system in all the cropping systems studied.
Field experiments were conducted in low lands at Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute, Aduthurai, Tamil Nadu for two years (1985-87) to study the change in soil nutrient status due to the rice based cropping systems in Cauvery delta zone. The inclusion of legume in the cropping systems resulted in higher soil nitrogen (+95.2 kg ha) and higher phosphorus uptake (13.4 per cent increase). As that of legume, cotton in the systems too resulted in higher soil available nitrogen ( +117.1 kg ha¹) which might be because of lesser uptake by cotton crop or higher addition of residues by cotton or both. The systems rice-rice-cotton andrice-cotton-cotton second flush possessing cotton as components crop found to leave more phosphorus into the soil because of mining/pumping of phosphorus from deeper soil zone with its deep root system. The systems involving pulses left higher potassium in the soil because of comparatively lesser uptake of potassium by these component crops.
Electric utilities need to consider how potential changes in climate patterns will affect their peak loads. This study incorporates weather and socio-economic variables into a medium-term load forecasting model to consider potential climate change effects on the challenging summer peak season for utilities in the arid southwestern US. Our ‘average hourly load by month’ model shows marked improvement over a purely autoregressive approach to load forecasting used by some electric utilities. In light of climate change, electric utilities and society can benefit from minimizing inaccuracies in load predictions. Decision-making based on more climate-sensitive forecasts will reduce the water and carbon footprint of electric utilities and improve their investment strategies for renewable energy technologies.
Field experiments were conducted in low lands at Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute, Aduthurai, Tamil Nadu for two years (1985-87) to study the change in soil nutrient status due to the rice based cropping systems in Cauvery delta zone. The inclusion of legume in the cropping systems resulted in higher soil nitrogen (+95.2 kg ha¹) and higher phosphorus uptake (13.4 per cent increase). As that of legume, cotton in the systems too resulted in higher soil available nitrogen ( +117.1 kg ha) which might be because of lesser uptake by cotton crop or higher addition of residues by cotton or both. The systems rice-rice-cotton andrice-cotton-cotton second flush possessing cotton as components crop found to leave more phosphorus into the soil because of mining/pumping of phosphorus from deeper soil zone with its deep root system. The systems involving pulses left higher potassium in the soil because of comparatively lesser uptake of potassium by these component crops.
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