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This article presents a literature review on the chemical composition, antimicrobial activities of cedar oils, and the main diseases this tree is subjected to. The studies included in this review have drawn upon several databases including Scopus, Springer, ScienceDirect, Web of sciences. The keywords used in data collection were C. atlantica M, C. libani L, C. deodara L, C. brevifolia H, Red ring rot (M'jej), Cubic brown rot (Saboune). Genus Cedrus is rich in bioactive molecules such as himachalenes, atlantones and generally terpenes. These molecules have an important medicinal and cosmetic properties maintained by the inhibition and destruction of many bacteria and fungi, along with other several biological activities. Cedar suffers from pests and fungal attacks, which cause two types of fungal decay: the first one is brown cubic rot caused by Fomitopsis pinicola or Ungulina officinalis, and the red ring rot caused by Trametes pini or Phellinus chrysoloma.

This paper empirically examines per capita residential natural gas demand using annual data for 29 Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries from 2005 to 2016. Earlier studies have focused on the effect of price and income to estimate natural gas demand elasticities, but most of them have neglected the demographic variables such as elderly population, population density and urbanization rate. The aim of this work is to include these attributes for modeling the demand function of natural gas. To address the problem of endogeneity, we use a dynamic panel system called Generalized Method of Moments estimator. Our study presents the following main results; First, the increase of the urbanization rate leads to more per capita consumption of natural gas in the residential sector. Second, the ageing of the population decreases the use of per capita residential natural gas in OECD countries. Third, as population density increases, per capita residential natural gas consumption decreases.

Backgound: For centuries, Moroccan herbalists have been using traditional plant-based medicines; however, most of these traditional healers misuse their use because of the limited information about harmful side effects. The traditional healers prescribe recipes that do not comply with any quality standards. Materials and methods:This study was designed and initiated in an effort to classify and shortlist the most reported medicinal plants used by traditional healers in the northern part of Morocco and identify their associated toxicities. Data from this work was obtained by collecting semi-interviews and direct questionnaires from local traditional healers and guided fieldtrips with herbalists.Results: A total of 40 of the identified plant species belonged to 34 genera and 21 botanical families. The most represented were Lamiaceace (13 species) followed by Asteraceace (6 species) and Cupressaceae (3 species). The most frequently cited and used species were Mentha pulegium (22.5%) and Rosmarinus officinalis (15%). In addition, our survey revealed 11 recipes prepared from 40 species. Leaves were the most used parts with a percentage of 30.52% and the main preparation method was infusion (63%). It shows that these recipes are generally administered orally during seven, fifteen or even thirty days with an average of one to three cups a day. Some of these recipes are used to treat diseases of the digestive and nervous system. The local population, whose purchasing power is very low, uses the plants harvested directly in the study area causing the disappearance of the most vulnerable species.Conclusions: This study shows that traditional medicine is still used and constituted a very rich heritage in northern Morocco. Further investigation of the benefits and risks of these plants will be needed to guide ancestral knowledge during selfmedication that causes negative effects on human health and will be needs planned exploitation.

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