The normal gastrointestinal tract contains an enormous number of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria which normally enjoy a symbiotic relationship with the host but can have adverse effects with local and systemic consequences. The small intestine constitutes a zone of transition between the sparsely populated stomach and the luxuriant bacterial flora of the colon. Regulation of the intestinal flora depends on complex interactions between many factors including secretion of gastric acid, intestinal motility, biliary and pancreatic secretions, local immunity, the surface glycocalyx and mucus layer, and diet. Microbial interactions are also important, and can involve alterations in redox potential, substrate depletion and production of substances such as bacteri‐ocins that inhibit bacterial growth. The beneficial effect of the normal enteric flora include the competitive exclusion of potentially pathogenic organisms, and the production of nutrients such as short‐chain fatty acids (which represent an important energy source for the colonic mucosa) and vitamins. Detrimental effects of the enteric flora include competition for calories and essential nutrients, particularly by bacteria located in the small intestine, and a capacity to damage the mucosa, in some circumstances causing or contributing to inflammatory bowel disease. These problems can be accentuated by interference with the physiological regulation of intraluminal bacteria allowing overgrowth by a normal resident, or colonisation by transient pathogens. The pathophysiological consequences may involve direct damage to the intestinal mucosa, and bacterial metabolism of intraluminal constituents, for example forming deconjugated bile acids and hydroxylated fatty acids which stimulate fluid secretion. Additional problems arise if there is interference with the mucosal barrier since this can result in increased passage of bacteria and bacterial products stimulating mucosal inflammation, while bacterial translocation can result in bacteraemia and septicaeniia. Problems associated with bacterial pathogens are illustrated by the properties of the spectrum of pathogenic Escherichia coli, some of which facilitate long‐term colonisation by adherence to the surface or invasion of enterocytes.
Samples of faeces from 57 dogs with acute diarrhoea, 82 dogs with chronic diarrhoea, 34 clinically healthy household dogs and 88 kennelled control dogs were analysed by hybridisation, using DNA probes to detect enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and enterotoxigenic E coli (ETEC), verocytotoxin-producing E coli (VTEC), enterohaemorrhagic E coli (EHEC), enteroinvasive E coli (EIEC) and enteroaggregative E coli (EAggEC). Samples of duodenal juice from 60 of the 82 dogs with chronic diarrhoea were also examined. Significantly more of the dogs with diarrhoea were excreting EPEC (acute 35.1 per cent, chronic 31.7 per cent) and VTEC (acute 24.6 per cent, chronic 28 per cent) than the kennelled dogs (EPEC 17.1 per cent, VTEC 0 per cent) or the household control dogs (EPEC 6 per cent, VTEC 5.9 per cent). Enteropathic E coli was also detected in the duodenal juice of 23 of 60 (38.3 per cent) of the dogs with chronic diarrhoea. The EPEC attaching and effacing A (eaeA) gene and the verocytotoxin 1 (VR1) gene coding for VTEC were often found together. There was good agreement between in vitro studies and hybridisation for the detection of eaeA and VT1. Isolates from the dogs with diarrhoea adhered significantly more to Hep-2 cells, and VT1-positive strains from the dogs with diarrhoea consistently killed more than 50 per cent of Vero cells.
These data support existing evidence for a high prevalence of CPV1 in canine oral papillomatosis. The healing process seems to correlate with a strong antibody response, and antibody titres peaked around the time of clinical recovery. In contrast to previous data from laboratory settings, the variation in remission time was very high.
In the present study, canine distemper virus (CDV) was investigated in 20 dogs having nervous signs arousing the clinical suspicion of canine distemper (CD). A total of 13 animals (65%) were stray dogs and had no accurate record about the vaccination history. Clinical examinations revealed that the majority (85%) of the animals showed systemic form characterised by predominantly nervous symptoms accompanied by mild respiratory system signs whilst the remaining cases (15%) recorded mainly respiratory distress. CDV RNA was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) only in 45% of the suspected cases. Phylogenetic analysis of partial nucleotide sequence of the P gene coding region revealed that the virus is closely related to European strains. Immune responses in 13 cases (65%), which were detected by dot-ELISA, indicated inefficient levels for neutralising functions against CDV. It was postulated that this response could have been mediated by either previous vaccination or mild infection with field strains.
SummaryIn horses, allergic disease has been implicated in the pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis, recurrent urticaria, and recurrent airway obstruction. With the present study, it is aimed to give information about allergens which determined in Thoroughbred stallions with detecting serum IgE. 18 Thoroughbred stallions averaged 11 years old were included in the study. Fifteen single and five mix allergens were checked for allergen-specific IgE. English plantain (Plantago lanceolata), Birch/Alder/Hazel and Micropolyspora faeni/Thermoactinomyces were detected as quite allergic to six Thoroughbred stallions at total. Consequently, assays detect equine IgE, can be an effortless method in determining allergens in horses. Keywords: Allergen, IgE, Stallion, Thoroughbred, Urticaria İngiliz Aygırlarında Serum Spesifik IgE Tespiti ile Alerjen Tayini ÖzetAtlarda alerjik hastalıklar atopik dermatitis, tekrarlayan ürtiker ve tekrarlayan havayolu hastalıklarının patofizyolojisinde rol oynamaktadır. Bu çalışma ile İngiliz aygırlarında serum spesifik IgE tespiti ile alerjenlerin tayini hakkında bilgi verilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Yaşları ortalama 11 olan, 18 İngiliz aygır çalışma materyalini oluşturmuştur. On beş tek ve beş karışık alerjene serum spesifik IgE yönünden bakılmıştır. Toplam altı İngiliz aygırda English plantain (Plantago lanceolata), Birch/Alder/Hazel ve Micropolyspora faeni/Thermoactinomyces oldukça alerjik olarak tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, atlara özgü IgE'yi belirleyen serolojik testler alerjenlerin tespiti bakımından zahmetsiz bir yöntem olarak değerlendirilebilir.
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