Alternative energy sources have received great attention since traditional energy sources, fossil fuels, are non-renewable and causing critical environmental damage. Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with high power density, long cycle life and environmental friendliness are of huge interest for application as power supply in electric vehicles and renewable energy storage [1]. However, current wide implementation of LIBs is restricted by several factors, such as a low capacity, instability and toxicity of the electrode materials. Silica (SiO2) is an eco-friendly candidate for the next generation anode materials for high energy density LIBs with a high lithium (Li) storage capacity (1961 mAh g-1 for silica) at a lower cost [2]. However, pure silica has a poor electrical conductivity and suffers from rapid capacity fading due to significant volume changes during charge/discharge. These limitations could be overcome by applying carbon and/or polymer coatings [3] and engineering various hollow nanostructures [4] to increase the conductivity and accommodate the volume changes, respectively [5]. Herein, we propose an innovative chemical free approach to prepare a novel composite anode material combining hollow SiO2nanospheres, carbon nanotube and graphene. Hollow SiO2 sphere/carbon nanotube/graphene ternary composite was synthesized using sonication (by Ultrasonic Elma S 30) of SiO2 (30 nm, 25%), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNT, 3 %) and graphene (G, 1%) water suspensions in different ratios. Derived mixtures were dried at 50 ºC overnight in vacuum oven (Memmert), and further annealed in air oven (Carbolite) at 500 ºC for 2 h. Finally, SiO2/MWNT/G composites were obtained. Also, for comparison similar composite with single-walled carbon nanotubes (SiO2/SWNT/G) was prepared. The resulting composites of SiO2/MWNT/G and SiO2/SWNT/G were investigated and characterized by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). XRD analysis confirmed the amorphous nature of the powders and FTIR spectroscopy identified the existence of Si-O, C-C and C=C bonds in these samples. TGA allowed for determination of the carbon content in the prepared composites. SEM revealed morphology of the samples and distribution of the elements in the composites. The TEM results allowed for characterization of the interior structure of the composite materials. CR2032 coin-type cells were used to evaluate the electrochemical performance of SiO2/MWNT/graphene and SiO2/SWNT/graphene composites in a lithium half-cell structure. The cells were tested galvanostatically in a voltage range of 0.01 – and 3.0 V vs. Li+/Li at a current density of 50 mA g-1 (Neware A602-3000W-CT-A). The further results of these studies will be presented at the conference. Acknowledgements This work was supported by the project grant 5097/GF4 “Development of a novel quartz (SiO2) based anode material for Li-ion batteries” from the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan. References [1] S. Goriparti, C. Capiglia, J. Power Sources 257 (2014) 421-443 [2] X. Cao, G. Cao, Part. Part. Syst. Charact. 33 (2016) 110-117 [3] X. Cao, G. Cao, J. Mater. Chem. A, 3 (2015) 22739–22749 [4] N. Yan, Scientific Reports (2013) 1568 [5] A. Lisowska-Oleksiak, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 11 (2016) 1997 - 2017
Non-flammable, high durability and low cost battery is required for smart grids applications. Zinc-based rechargeable batteries such as zinc–nickel oxide systems are one of the most attractive energy storage systems for such applications due to the advantages of zinc as low cost, abundance, and low toxicity. Higher energy density in terms of both weight (Whkg− 1) and volume (WhL− 1) is also expected compared with conventional batteries such as nickel–metal hydride [1]. The primary issue limiting use of zinc anodes in rechargeable batteries is the short cycle life caused by dendrite formation upon cycling causing short circuiting [2,3]. In order to solve this problem flow-assisted Zn/NiOOH batteries have been suggested, but this battery needs flowing KOH aqueous electrolyte solution to suppress Zn whisker growth [4]. In current work, a novel flow-assist free battery was developed to meet the requirements for above mentioned applications. This battery was prepared by electrodeposition of NiOOH cathode and anode, and using an aqueous electrolyte. Electrodeposition is one of the most economical and facile technique for producing metal/hydroxide electrodes, which used in this work to prepare both NiOOH and Zn electrodes. The electrodes were directly electrodeposited onto three-dimensional carbon fiber paper (CFP) substrates. Both electrodeposited electrodes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM, Fig. 1) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) which confirmed formation of NiOOH and Zn, respectively. Galvanostatic charge-discharge tests conducted at 0.05 C rate showed that the prepared NiOOH cathode delivers a discharge capacity of 250 mAh/g when used with the electrodeposited Zn anode. Further details of the work will be presented at the meeting. Acknowledgements This work was supported under the Technology Commercialization Project (Grant # OK_653) supported by the World Bank and the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan, and a research Grant #3756/GF4 from the Ministry of Education and Science of Kazakhstan. References [1]Y. Ito, M. Nyce, R. Plivelich, M. Klein, D. Steingart, S. Banerjee J. of Power Sources 196 (2011) 2340 [2] R.D. Naybour, J. Electrochem. Soc. 116 (1969) 520. [3] R.Y. Wang, D.W. Kirk, G.X. Zhang, J. Electrochem. Soc. 153 (2006) C357.[4] G. Bronoel, A. Millot, N. Tassin, J. Power Sources 34 (1991) 243. Figure 1
The global environmental and energy challenges demand for an immediate response through decarbonization of the energy sources by technological advances and implementation of renewable sources. From this point of view, the development of super-efficient battery technology has received an extensive attention for electrification of vehicles and grid integration of renewables [1]. Silicon materials have not only overwhelmed the electronics industry, but also can be nominated as a key technology towards achieving such super-efficiency in batteries due to its appealing features associated with the highest-known specific capacity (~4200 mAh g-1), profusion, and attractive cost. However, its promotion in the global market is impeded by low-conductive nature and high structural instability during cycling. The abovementioned restrictions can be surmounted through involvement of stable spinel Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) structure [2] and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) polymer conductive network [3] in the preparation of Si-based anode material with superior electrochemical properties. PAN is considered to be a carbon source with sufficiently large electrical conductivity, while LTO possesses extremely safe “zero-strain” Li-ion insertion/extraction properties. High energy ball milling and heat treatment procedures were employed in the solid-state synthesis of Si/LTO/PAN ternary composite. This presentation will discuss a systematic study on the effect of precursor nature, versatility of components ratios in the composite electrode structure and highlight the process parameters, which play an important role in overcoming problems of Si anode and improving its physical and electrochemical properties. Acknowledgements This work was supported by the project grant 5097/GF4 “Development of a novel quartz (SiO2) based anode material for Li-ion batteries” from the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan. References: [1] S. Goriparti, C. Capiglia, J. Power Sources 257 (2014) 421-443. [2] S. Jing, Y. Liang, L. Li, Y. Peng, H. Yang. Electrochimic. Acta 155 (2015) 125-131. [3] W. Yuping, S. Fang, Y.Jiang. J. Power Sources 75 (1998) 201-206.
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