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Summary Microgrid implementation requires effective and efficient strategies for controlling the grid parameters. Various problems are encountered with the deployment of distributed generation in terms of reverse power, an imbalance between power generation and nonlinear load. This paper is focused on the existing controllers in terms of their merits and limitations. Furthermore, the state of the art of the local power distribution system especially on renewable energy resources along with energy storage methods is explored. Reliability and stability of power flow between sources and consumers via voltage source inverter are also considered. The emerging microgrid concept in islanding and grid‐connected mode using different controller along with soft computing algorithm are presented. This paper gives the reader fast insight into the context of the controller and its application.

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The rapid growth of the transmission networks has brought more uncertainties and new requirements in the transmission expansion planning (TEP) to the planners. The existing methods of solving TEP problem have a drawback since the DC load flow and the relaxed load flow models have been utilized to solve TEP problem. In this work, the TEP problem is solved based on mixed integer nonlinear non-convex programming model. A meta-heuristic algorithm by the means of differential evolution algorithm (DEA) is employed as an optimisation tool. An AC load flow model is used in solving the TEP problem, where accurate and realistic results can be obtained. Furthermore, the work considers the constraints checking and system violation such as real and power generation limits, possible number of lines added and bus voltage limits. The proposed technique is tested on Garver's 6 bus system and IEEE 24 bus system and has shown high capability in considering the active and reactive power in the same manner and solving the TEP problem. The method produced improved results for the test systems. In terms of minimising the cost and the solution quality, the proposed method obtained good and challenging results comparing to the previous works.

The presence of electric vehicles (EVs) directly affects the low voltage electric distribution networks. This article depicts the anticipated problems that occurred when it draws power from grid to vehicle in the charging scenario and critically analyze EV as dynamic storage while feeding the power grid in the discharging status (vehicle to grid). The merits and demerits by deploying the mass integration of EVs into the distribution network are comprehensively investigated. Moreover, the challenges of integrating renewable energy resources and deployment of EVs, for the efficient, reliable, and uninterruptible power flow are covered. The future scopes of electric mobility industry including wireless EV charging, vehicle to home, cloud to home charging are also highlighted. This comprehensive review is highly beneficial for the research community and design engineers working in this area. K E Y W O R D Selectric vehicles, grid to vehicle, power charger, power stability, renewable energy resources, smart grid, vehicle to grid

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