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Background and Objectives: Belief in God and hope play an important role in continuing the life of all members of society, especially the sick ones. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between religious attitude and positivism and life expectancy due to the mediating role of psychological hardiness and perceived stress in patients in hospitals in Kerman. Materials and Methods: The research method was descriptive and structural equation modeling. The study population was all patients in Kerman hospitals in 2019-2020, out of which 250 people were selected by random multi-stage cluster sampling. The research instruments included Schneider et al.'s Life Examination Questionnaire, Golriz and Baraheni's Religious Attitude Questionnaire, Ahvaz Psychological Hardiness Questionnaire, Cohen et al.'s Perceived Stress Scale, and Scheier and Carver's Life-orientation Test. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Results: Mean and standard deviation of religious attitude variables 61.99±4.38, life expectancy 27.70±3.31, psychological hardiness 34.91±3.49, perceived stress 37.01±3.30 and positivism was 29.25±3.35. The results showedthat there was a significant relationship between research variables and the model had a good fit with the data and all coefficients were significant so that psychological toughness and perceived stress had a significant mediating role among religious attitudes, positivism and life expectancy (p<0.001). Conclusion:Positivism and religious attitude can predict life expectancy positively and meaningfully, both directly and through the medium of life expectancy. It seems that paying attention to the presented model will be useful in the treatment program and counseling of patients.

Background: Identification of the role of factors such as self-esteem and self-efficacy and the investigation of their relationship among students can bring about improvement of educational planning and enhance the teaching outcome. This study aimed at investigating the relationship between self-esteem and self-efficacy among the students of medical sciences.Methods: The present study is an analytical-descriptive which was conducted as a cross-sectional study on 394 students of Fasa University of Medical Sciences in 2016. In order to collect the data two questionnaires were used namely, Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory (CSEI) and Rogers Self-concept Questionnaire. The data were analyzed using SPSS 22. The researchers used descriptive and inferential statistics such as t-test, chi-square one-way ANOVA, and correlation to analyze the data.Results: The mean and the standard deviation of self-esteem scores of female and male students were 38.23±6.80 and 37.51±6.67 respectively. The mean and the standard deviation of self-concept scores of female and male students were 9.49±3.53 and 9.43±4.14 respectively. The mean of self-concept scores of students of different majors had statistically significant difference with each other (0.011), whereas there was no statistically significant difference in self-esteem scores among students with different majors (0.442).Conclusions: Considering the statistically significant difference in students’ self-concept scores in different majors, it is suggested that we take right approaches to the improvement and enhancement of individuals’ self-concept and the creation of positive feedback.