Immobilising critically ill patients increases the prevalence of pressure ulcers, which can increase the length of a patient’s stay and rehabilitation, plus leading to increased pain and other complications. An independent intervention of effleurage massage using essential oil is considered to be a preventative measure for integrity anoxia, which causes pressure ulcers. The purpose of this research is to identify the effect of effleurage massage using virgin coconut oil (VCO) on the risk level of pressure ulcers in the intensive care unit. Quasi-experimental one-group pre- and post-tests were performed on 34 patients through purposive sampling using the Braden Scale. The interventions were carried out for 20 minutes on the back of the head, neck, back, glutei, sacrum, hands and feet. A dependent t-test was used in this research because it met the parametric test requirements, followed by a Repeated Measures ANOVA test. The results of the dependent t-test showed that the intervention had a significantly positive effect on pressure ulcers (p=0.0001) if effectively carried out for at least three continuous days. It was concluded that effleurage massage using VCO has a significant effect on reducing the risk level of pressure ulcers in immobilised patients.
ABSTRAKPendahuluan: Perkembangan kasus AIDS maupun HIV (+) di Indonesia cederung meningkat setiap tahun. Pekerjaan sebagai perawat sangat beresiko untuk tertular penyakit, termasuk HIV/AIDS. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifi kasi pengetahuan, sikap, dan paktik kewaspdaan universal perawat serta menguji hubungan antara pengetahuan, sikap dengan praktik kewaspdaan universal perawat dalam pencegahan penularan HIV/AIDS. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan korelasi deskriptif. Sembilan puluh sample dari perawat yang bekerja di rumah sakit daerah di Jawa Barat direkrut secara proposionate stratifi ed random sampling. Instrumen dalam penelitian ini terdiri dari data demografi , pengetahuan dan sikap tentang HIV/AIDS, dan laporan diri pelaksanaan teknik pencegahan umum penyebaran HIV/AIDS. Data yang terkumpul dianalisis dengan statistik deskriptif dan pearson product moment correlation. Hasil: Sebagian besar responden melaporkan pernah mengalami kecelakaan kerja cedera benda tajam. Lebih dari setengah responden memiliki pengetahuan yang baik tentang pencegahan umum terhadap penularan HIV/AIDS. Lebih dari setengah responden menunjukan sikap mendukung terhadap perawatan pasien HIV/AIDS. Hasil uji korelasi menunjukan bahwa ada hubungan yang positif bermakna antara skor pengetahuan dengan skor praktik (r = 0,271 p = < 0,01), namun tidak ada hubungan antara pengetahuan dengan sikap, dan sikap dengan praktik. Diskusi: Perlu dilakukan langkah-langkah untuk mencegah atau meminimalkan kejadian cedera benda tajam sebagai akibat resiko kerja dan untuk menghindari ancaman terhadap produktifi tas pelayanan keperawatan di rumah sakit. Peningkatan pengetahuan yang muthakhir, pembinaan sikap yang positif, serta evaluasi secara berkesinambungan perlu dilakukan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan perawat dalam mencegah penularan penyakit akibat resiko kerja.
Background: Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) is the emergency first aid in cardiac arrest. CPR delivery is influenced by knowledge and self-efficacy. Internship students can be the first responder of cardiac arrest in hospital and expected on having knowledge and high self-efficacy of CPR early. But there is no data on self-efficacy of internship students in performing CPR.Objective: The purpose of this research was to identify knowledge and self-efficacy of internship students in performing CPR.Methods: The method in this research was descriptive quantitative with cross-sectional approach on 76 internship students selected by simple random sampling. Knowledge questionnaire and Resuscitation Self-Efficacy Scale instrument were used in this research, with validity score 0.56-0.84 (α=0.91). Data were analysed by distribution frequency.Results: The results showed that 49 respondents (64.5%) had moderate knowledge and 73 respondents (96.1%) had high self-efficacy. The lowest domain in knowledge was conceptual knowledge, while in self-efficacy were reporting, debriefing and recording.Conclusions: Therefore, it becomes important to increase information on the conceptual knowledge and enhances training on the self-efficacy domain: reporting; debriefing and recording.
AbstrakPenggunaan alat ukur pengkajian nyeri yang sistematik dan terstandar pada pasien kritis yang tidak mampu untuk melaporkan rasa nyeri adalah suatu hal yang perlu diperhatikan. Behavioural pain scales (BPS) adalah alat ukur yang lebih dini dan banyak digunakan di area keperawatan kritis. Critical pain observation tools (CPOT) adalah alat yang dikembangkan menggunakan unsur-unsur rasa nyeri yang ada pada beberapa alat ukur pengkajian nyeri, termasuk BPS, namun CPOT belum banyak dikenal dan digunakan. Tujuan penelitian adalah melihat kesesuaian alat ukur CPOT dengan alat ukur BPS. Penelitian ini bersifat observasional analitik dengan rancangan Crosssectional dengan sampel pasien GICU (General Intensive Care Unit) dengan penurunan kesadaran dan menggunakan ventilasi mekanik sebanyak 48 pasien. Teknik pengambilan sampel dengan consecutive sampling. Pengkajian dilakukan dengan observasi skala nyeri menggunakan BPS dan CPOT pada saat pasien kondisi istirahat dan positioning untuk melihat keandalan alat ukur nyeri. Hasil uji beda dan korelasi pada hasil pengukuran nyeri pada BPS dan CPOT adalah bermakna. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa BPS dan CPOT dapat mengukur perbedaan intensitas nyeri saat istirahat dengan saat positioning. Hasil uji kesesuaian (kappa) pengukuran BPS dengan CPOT memiliki nilai kesesuaian yang bermakna, dengan nilai kesesuaian (kappa) BPS-CPOT pada kondisi istirahat sebesar 0,937, sedangkan nilai kesesuaian (Kappa)BPS-CPOT pada kondisi positioning sebesar 0,265. BPS dan CPOT adalah alat penilaian nyeri yang dapat digunakan dalam menilai rasa sakit dan meningkatkan manajemen nyeri pada pasien kritis. CPOT lebih mudah digunakan dan aplikatif karena memiliki definisi operasional yang jelas.Kata kunci : Behavioural pain scale, Critical pain observation tool, pasien kritis. AbstractA systematic and standardised tool to assess pain experienced by critically ill patients has been previously highlighted. The BPS is the common tool used in the intensive care setting which can be used. But, the Critical Pain Observation Tool (COPT) has not been used extensively in the hospital. Thus, the efficacy of this tool needs to be examined. This descriptive observational study aimed to find an agreement of CPOT with BPS using a crosssectional method recruited 48 participants with consecutive sampling technique. Pain assessment was performed during a resting and positioning period to check the agreement of the tools. Data was analysed using Cohen's Kappa index analysis. Findings demonstrated a significance difference of pain intensity measured by BPS and CPOT during the period of resting (κ = 0.937) and positioning (κ = 0.265). Thus, BPS and CPOT are reliable scales to measure pain intensity. It is expected that those tools can help nurses to improve pain management for critically ill patients. However, CPOT is considered more applicable and user-friendly compared to the BPS.
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