Waste is defined as a disposed material that is unwanted in some place or that has no value in the eyes of its producer. It is generated amply in industry, transportation, agriculture, tourism, food sector etc., in the process of production or service. These materials are distinguished from the concept "garbage" due to their economic and environmental value. It is necessary to decrease wastage at its source, and to re-gain and re-use or dispose the inevitable wastage in the manner least harmful to the environment.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES To determine the weight change trend among the adult Turkish population after 1 yr of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and factors associated with weight change. MATERIALS/METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted between 26 February and 6 March 2021 using an online questionnaire that included questions for sociodemographic variables, eating habits, stress level, and the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-R18. Those who weighed themselves 1–2 weeks before the pandemic was declared in Turkey and remembered their weight were invited to participate in the study. Trends in weight and body mass index (BMI) change were calculated. The variables associated with a 1% change in BMI were assessed using hierarchical regression analysis. RESULTS The study was conducted with 1,630 adults (70.25% female) with a mean age of 32.09 (11.62) yrs. The trend of weight change was found to increase by an average of 1.15 ± 6.10 kg (female +0.72 ± 5.51, male +2.16 ± 7.22 kg) for the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. The rate of participants with a normal BMI (18.50–24.99 kg/m 2 ) decreased to 51.91% from 55.75%. Consuming an "Increased amount of food compared to before the pandemic" was found to be the independent variable that had the strongest association with a 1% increase in BMI (β = 0.23 P < 0.001). The average change in the BMI was higher in older individuals than in those who were younger. A high stress level was associated with a decrease in BMI (β = –0.04 P = 0.048). CONCLUSIONS In this study, the factors associated with weight change after 1 yr of the pandemic in the Turkish population was reported for the first time. A high stress level and increased weight gain trend still occur in Turkey after 1 yr of the pandemic.

The world is faced with many significant environmental challenges, such as climate change, on a global scale. Sustainable nutrition has an important role in solving these problems. In this study, we aimed to determine the sustainable nutrition knowledge and attitudes of university students. The study was completed with 889 students. It was found that 71.2% of male students think that foods have no effect on the environment. All students had a mean sustainable nutrition knowledge score of 16.0 ± 5.3. As income increased, sustainable nutrition practices scores decreased (p&lt;0.05). Sustainable nutrition knowledge scores of overweight and obese individuals were found to be lower than those of participants with normal BMIs (p&lt;0.05). Red meat is eaten 1-2 days a week by 73.7% of the students. Also, 85.7% of students do not separate their wastes. This study is the first to provide data on the knowledge and attitudes of Turkish university students on food sustainability from a national and holistic perspective. The results show that there is a significant lack of knowledge regarding the characteristics of sustainable nutrition. It is extremely important to help people understand how food affects the environment. In this context, various research and training approaches are needed.

Objective:Sleeping disorders are common among Haemodialysis-HD patients. In addition to well-known factors, food consumption impact on sleep quality needs being discovered. Aim was to examine the nutrition-related factors that may influence sleep quality in HD patients.Methods:One hundred and three patients in three HD centres participated. Data were collected with Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index-PSQI and Questionnaire Form about socio-demographic characteristics and appetite. Biochemical findings were obtained; food consumption for three consecutive days was recorded. Independent Samples t/Mann Whitney U tests for mean comparison; Logistic Regression Analysis for determining variables affecting sleep quality, were used.Results:Mean age was 59.19±14.57 years. 51.5% were women. 37.9% had good (PSQI<5) and 62.1% had poor (PSQI≥5) sleep quality. Appetite had significant impact on sleep quality; poor sleeping risk was 4.194 fold higher in patients with bad appetite than those with good appetite (p=0.038). Biochemical findings of poor and good sleepers were similar, except for potassium and creatinine. Vitamins B1, B6 and folate intake of good and poor sleepers were significantly different. Patients with good sleep quality consumed significantly higher amounts of above B vitamins (p=0.030, p=0.036, p=0.034, respectively).Conclusions:Favourable effect of appetite and certain nutrients intake on sleep quality in HD patients was shown. Improving nutritional status of HD patients has potential to increase their sleep quality.

Amaç: Dünyada yoksul sayısının giderek arttığı, kadınların ve çocukların bu durumdan daha fazla etkilendiği bildirilmektedir. Beslenme sosyoekonomik durum ile yakından ilişkilidir. Yoksul kimseler besin ögesi gereksinimlerini karşılayamayıp, beslenmeye bağlı sağlık sorunları yaşayabilirler. Türkiye'de yoksul kimselerin beslenme durumlarının saptandığı çok az sayıda çalışma mevcuttur. Bu çalışma, yoksul (muhtaç) kadınların beslenme durumlarının değerlendirilmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Yöntem: Çalışma, Ankara Vakıflar Bölge Müdürlüğü tarafından yoksul (muhtaç) kimse olarak belirlenmiş kadınlar ile yürütülmüştür. Bu vakıf tarafından hanelere 1 ile 5 kişilik, 3 kaptan oluşan öğle yemeği servisi yapılmaktadır. Çalışmada kadınların demografik bilgileri, üç günlük besin tüketimleri ve fiziksel aktivite kayıtları ev ziyaretleri yapılarak belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca antropometrik ölçümleri (boy, kilo, bel çevresi) alınmıştır. Servis edilen yemeklerin yemek reçeteleri alınarak, enerji ve besin ögesi analizi yapılmıştır. Bulgular: Çalışma, gönüllü 81 kadın ile tamamlanmış ve günlük ortalama gelirin kişi başına 3.28±1.98 Dolar olduğu belirlenmiştir. Kadınların yaş ortalamaları 36.4±9.12 yıl iken, %50.6'sının kronik bir hastalığının olduğu bulunmuştur. Okuryazar olmayan kadınlar çoğunluktadır (%48.1). Evli olan kadınların evlilik yaşı, gebe sayısı ve yaşayan çocuk sayısı ortalama değerleri, sırasıyla 15.68±2.83 (min-max:10-24), 5.1±2.16 ve 3.9±1.70'tir. Kadınlar, muhtaç yemeğinden günlük toplam aldıkları enerjinin yaklaşık yarısını (%49.7) karşılamıştır, ancak %88.6'sı günlük kalsiyum gereksinimini hala karşılayamamıştır. Kadınların %56.0'sının BKI değerinin normalin üzerinde olduğu, %38.0'inin fiziksel aktive düzeyinin sedanter düzeyde olduğu bulunmuştur. Sonuç: Çalışmada kadınların muhtaç yemeği olmadan oldukça yetersiz beslendikleri, yemek hizmetine rağmen yetersiz besin ögesi alımlarının devam ettiği görülmektedir. Kadınların mutlaka eğitim almaları sağlanmalı veya eğitim düzeyi yükseltilmelidir. Ayrıca kadınların iş yaşamına katılımları desteklenmelidir.

Association between carbohydrate quality index and dietary patterns, sleep quality, anxiety level, and depression symptoms: A cross-sectional studyAsociación entre el índice de calidad de carbohidratos y patrones dietéticos, calidad del sueño, nivel de ansiedad y síntomas de depresión: Un estudio transversal

Purpose: In this study, the effect of BMI values on eating habits and emotional eating of individuals in social isolation and quarantine process implemented in Turkey as a result of COVID-19 pandemic were investigated. Materials and methods: An online questionnaire was used in this cross-sectional study. A total of 2019 participants were included in the study between April and May 2020. Individuals' nutritional behaviors, emotional eating scores using the three-factor eating questionnaire stress level, appetite status, desire to eat desserts and anxiety about food access using a visual analog scale were evaluated with the questionnaire. Results: The study participated 1589 women and 430 men over the ages of 20. The obesity rate was 8.7% in women and 19.3% in men. There was a relationship between the stress score and the change in consumed food in women and in men. Involuntary weight changes were found significant in both men and women compared to BMI groups. Cereal and starchy food consumption were found to be related to BMI groups in men and women. It was determined that the average appetite levels and Emotional Eating Scale scores in both sexes were different between BMI groups. Conclusions: The findings show that the participants' eating habits have changed in quarantine-related social isolation. Emotional eating has increased in direct proportion with BMI, and involuntary weight gain has increased.

Aims: This study was conducted to determine the dietary fiber intake of university students and defecation frequency to examine the relationship between them. Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out in May and June 2019 with volunteer students studying at University. Through face-to-face interviews, the researcher obtained students' demographic information, nutrition and physical activity habits, defecation frequency, and three-day food consumption records. Results: While 238 of those who participated in the research were female students, 57 of them were male, in total 295 participated. The mean age of the students is 21.14±2.68 for girls and 21.53±2.59 for boys. It was determined that the BMI values of 11.3% of the female students and 24.6% of the male students were within the overweight range. Mean dietary fiber intakes of female and male students were 14.7±5.5 g and 14.0±6.2 g, respectively. The average number of defecations per day was 1.15±0.69 for all students. A positive correlation was found between the pulp intake rate of the students and the number of defecations per day. Dietary fiber intake has been found to have a significant effect on defecation every day. One unit increase in fiber intake increased the daily defecation rate by 0.17 times. It was calculated that the students consumed a mean of 3.50±4.1 liters of tea/coffee daily, whereas they drank 1.71±0.71 liters of water. Conclusion: In this study, it was observed that both female and male university students did not meet their daily fiber requirement according to their three-day food consumption records, and the number of defecations increased as dietary fiber intake increased. Considering the positive effects of dietary fiber on health, nutrition education should be given to university students to meet their daily fiber requirements, or national nutrition education programs should be developed.