. Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) is the most common cause of severe visual loss in people with diabetes. Although panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) remains the gold standard of care to date, several combinations of new treatment modalities have emerged. These approaches can be used to increase the extent of treatment, expedite the effect of laser treatment and provide alternate measures when laser delivery is difficult or impossible, especially in patients with vitreous haemorrhage. Currently, most of the research in this field is focussed on inhibitors of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), referred to herein as anti‐VEGF agents. Although limited by their short‐lived effects and a lack of established protocols, anti‐VEGF agents are widely available, especially for the treatment of aggressive PDR. This review analyses published studies using anti‐VEGF agents alone or as an adjunct to other therapies in the treatment of PDR.

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Marsupialization is a safe and effective treatment for lacrimal ductular cysts.

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A 66-year-old female presented with a 6-month history of increasing right-sided facial pain and diplopia. Right ocular movements were restricted in adduction and downgaze. Superior oblique (SO) enlargement was seen on an initial MRI scan, and subsequent diffuse infiltration was seen on a repeat scan. An elevated cANCA and biopsy of SO confirmed Wegener's granulomatosis (WG). We report a case of SO myositis as a predominant early feature of WG granulomatosis and review the literature regarding extraocular muscle involvement in WG. To our knowledge, early SO involvement has not been reported.