To evaluate the level of ETS exposure of children, the parents' reports were not reliable. The addition of a biological measure results in a more informative estimate of ETS exposure in children.
This study was designed to examine the effects of erdosteine on bleomycin (BLM)-induced lung fibrosis in rats. Thirty-three Sprague-Dawley rats were divided randomly into three groups, bleomycin alone (BLM), bleomycin + erdosteine (BLM + ERD), and saline alone (control). The BLM and BLM + ERD groups, were given 2.5 mg/kg BLM intratracheally. The first dose of oral erdosteine (10 mg/kg/day) in the BLM + ERD group was started 2 days before BLM administration and continued until animals were sacrificed. Animals were sacrificed 14 days after intratracheal instillation of BLM. The effect of erdosteine on pulmonary fibrosis was studied by analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, histopathology, and biochemical measurements of lung tissue superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) as antioxidants, malondialdehyde (MDA) as an index for lipid peroxidation, and nitrite/nitrate levels. Bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis as determined by lung histology was prevented with erdosteine (grades of fibrosis were 4.9, 2.3, and 0.2 in BLM, BLM + ERD, and control groups, respectively). Erdosteine also prevented bleomycin-induced increase in MDA (MDA levels were 0.50 +/- 0.15, 0.11 +/- 0.02, and 0.087+/- 0.03 nmol/mg protein in BLM, BLM + ERD, and control groups, respectively) and nitrite/nitrate (nitrite/nitrate levels were 0.92 +/- 0.06, 0.60 +/- 0.09, and 0.56+/- 0.1 micromol/mg protein in BLM, BLM + ERD, and control groups respectively) levels. Bleomycin-induced decrease in GSH and SOD levels in the lung tissue also prevented by erdosteine [(GSH levels were 213.5 +/- 12.4, 253.2+/- 25.2, and 287.9+/- 34.4 nmol/mg protein) (SOD levels were 1.42+/- 0.12, 1.75+/- 0.17, and 1.89+/- 0.09 U/mg protein) in BLM, BLM + ERD, and control groups respectively]. Erdosteine prevented bleomycin-induced increases in total cell number and neutrophil content of the BAL fluid. In conclusion, oral erdosteine is effective in prevention of BLM-induced lung fibrosis in rats possibly via the repression of neutrophil accumulation, inhibition of lipid peroxidation, and maintenance of antioxidant and free radical scavenger properties.
Aim: There are many problems with insulin initiation though required in diabetes mellitus patients. This study aims to determine why patients are unable to receive insulin treatments on time. Methods: Approval from the ethics committee and consent from the volunteers was obtained for this cross sectional, single center study, in which patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus over the age of 18 years were included. Pregnant women, patients with cirrhosis, and psychiatric disorders were excluded. A questionnaire was used for data collection. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 18.0. Results: A total of 1062 patients were included in this study. Diabetes mellitus was regulated in 34% of the patients. The number of patients who did not use insulin even though they should was 105. While physicians did not recommend any insulin treatment to 34 patients, 33 patients did not want insulin treatment due to fear of injection and 32 patients did not start insulin treatment because they had incorrect information regarding insulin. When 36 patients who stopped insulin treatment while they were using were questioned for the reason, it was learnt that 8 patients' insulin treatment was stopped by their physicians. The remaining 28 patients, on the other hand, stopped their insulin treatments most frequently because of the difficulty of injection and incorrect information they heard about insulin. Conclusions: Providing outpatient conditions that increase patient-physician dialogue, ensuring that the injection pen and needle are seen and tested by the patient in person, and conferences for the patients and medical doctors to prevent getting the incorrect information would be the solution of the delay in starting insulin in diabetes mellitus.
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